DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Although the words “he,” “him,” and “his” are used sparingly in this course to enhance communication, they are not intended to be gender driven or to affront or discriminate against anyone.

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CHAPTER 1

THE TECHNICIAN'S HANDBOOK

Here, in one compact module, you will be able to find essential information and reference material. Whether you want to know safety precautions, first aid, or any number of helpful pieces of information, you will find it indexed.

We have included electrical and electronic formulas, data tables, and general maintenance hints. In most cases you will find references to other more detailed sources included.

We solicit your suggestions, maintenance hints, and constructive criticism. You will receive credit in future editions of this handbook if your input is used.

MISHAP PREVENTION AND AFTERCARE

Most of us working with electricity take risks. Usually we get our jobs done without any harmful results. Mishaps or injuries usually result from not understanding a risk or danger.

The first part of this handbook is designed to help you eliminate or minimize mishaps. It also provides you with a good review of what to do in case of a mishap.

SAFETY OBSERVATIONS FOR THE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNICIAN

Working safely is the most important thing you can do. Because of their importance, several precautions are included as the first subject in this handbook. Of course there are more precautions, but these are some you should think about. The keyword here is think. Think safety.

• Never work alone.

• Never receive an intentional shock.

• Only work on, operate, or adjust equipment if you are authorized.

• Don't work on energized equipment unless absolutely necessary.

• Keep loose tools, metal parts, and liquids from above electrical equipment. Never use steel wool or emery cloth on electric and electronic circuits.

• Never attempt to repair energized circuits except in an emergency.

• Never measure voltage in excess of 300 volts while holding the meter wire or probe.

• Use only one hand when operating circuit breakers or switches.

• Use proper tag-out procedures for regular and preventive maintenance.

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• Be cautious when working in voids or unvented spaces.

• Beware the dangers of working aloft. Never attempt to stop a rotating antenna manually.

• Keep protective closures, fuse panels, and circuit breaker boxes closed unless you are actually working on them.

• Never bypass an interlock unless you are authorized to do so by the commanding officer, and then properly tag the bypass.

• Use extreme caution when handling cathode-ray tubes. They implode violently if broken. The anode contact may have a residual electrical charge. Make sure you discharge the anode before handling.

You can find additional and more detailed information on safety in the Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), General, NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-100, paragraph 3-4. Another excellent reference source is the Naval Electronics Systems Command's Electronic Safety Handbook, E0410-AA- HBK-010/00K ELEXSAFE.

FIRST AID

First aid is the emergency care you give to sick or injured persons. It consists only of providing temporary assistance or treatment until medical help is available. In addition to knowing what to do for a victim, you should also know what not to do.

This section should be used to reinforce the knowledge you already have about first aid. First aid is included in detail for the purposes of review, study, and ready reference.

First aid study classes are usually available through your medical department or the American Red Cross.

Your knowledge of first aid measures and their proper application may mean the difference between life and death, between rapid recovery and long hospitalization, or between temporary disability and permanent injury.

The objectives of first aid are to save life and prevent further injury. First aid is not a substitute, however, for proper medical treatment. Keep in mind the objectives of first aid. Everyone in the Navy must know when and how to apply first aid measures and must be prepared to give assistance to persons injured in battle, collision, fire, or accidents.

In administering first aid, you have three primary tasks:

• Maintain breathing

• Stop bleeding

• Prevent or reduce shock

The first step, of course, is to determine the extent of the victim's injuries. When you treat a victim, first consideration usually must be given to the most serious injury. In general, the order of treatment is to restore breathing, stop bleeding, and treat for shock.

Work quickly, but do not rush around frantically. Do not waste time looking for ready-made materials; do the best you can with whatever is at hand. Send for medical help as soon as possible.

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Although each case involving injury or sickness presents its own special problems, the following general rules apply to practically all situations. Become familiar with these basic rules before you go on to first aid treatment for specific types of injuries.

1. Keep the victim lying down, head level with the body, until you have found out what kind of injury has occurred and how serious it is. If the victim shows one of the following difficulties, however, follow the rule given for that specific problem: a. Vomiting or bleeding about the mouth and semi-consciousness. If the victim is in danger of

sucking in blood, vomited matter, or water, place the victim on his/her side or back with the head turned to one side and lower than the feet.

b. Shortness of breath. If the victim has a chest injury or breathing difficulties, place the victim in a sitting or semi-sitting position.

c. Shock. If the victim is in shock, place the person on his or her back with the head slightly lower than the feet.

2. Move the victim no more than is absolutely necessary. To determine the extent of the victim's injuries, carefully rip or cut the clothing along the seams. If done improperly, the removal of the victim's clothing could cause great harm, especially if fracture injuries are involved. When the clothing is removed, ensure that the victim does not become chilled. Shoes may also be cut off to avoid causing pain or increasing an injury.

3. The victim need not see the actual injury(ies). You can supply reassurance and make the victim more comfortable by ensuring him or her that the injuries incurred are understood and medical attention will be given as soon as possible.

4. Do not touch open wounds or burns with fingers or other objects, except when sterile compresses or bandages are not available and it is absolutely necessary to stop severe bleeding.

5. Do not try to give an unconscious person any solid or liquid substance by mouth. The person may vomit and get some of the material into the lungs when he or she breathes, causing choking and possibly death.

6. If a bone is broken, or you suspect that one is broken, do not move the victim until you have immobilized the injured part. This may prove life saving in cases of severe bone fractures or spinal cord injuries, because the jagged bone may sever nerves and blood vessels, damage tissues, and increase shock. Of course, threat of fire, necessity to abandon ship, or other similar situations may require that the victim be moved. But the principle that further damage could be done by moving the victim should always be kept in mind and considered against other factors.

7. When transporting an injured person, always see that the litter is carried feet forward no matter what the injuries are. This will enable the rear bearer to observe the victim for any respiratory obstruction or stoppage of breathing.

8. Keep the injured person comfortably warm — warm enough to maintain normal body temperature.

Very serious and mutilating injuries may require heroic first aid measures on your part. However, the greater the number of injuries, the more judgment and self-control you must exhibit to prevent yourself and well-intentioned bystanders from trying to do too much.

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Electric Shock

Electric shock may cause anything from mild surprise to death. The effects of the shock are usually unknown. It is often hard to determine how an electrical shock victim has been affected.

SYMPTOMS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK.—When you find someone who has received a severe electric shock, the person's skin is usually very white or pale blue. In the case of victims with dark skin, it may be necessary to rely primarily on the color of the mucous membranes on the inside of the mouth or under the eye lid or under the nail bed. A person in or going into electric shock has a bluish color to these membranes instead of a healthy pink. The victim's pulse is very weak or absent. The person is unconscious, and usually the skin is burned. A stiffness of the body may happen in a few minutes. This is caused by the muscles reacting to shock. You should not consider this condition as rigor mortis. You should make sure the victim is no longer touching the live circuit and then start artificial respiration. People have recovered after body stiffness has set in.

RESCUE OF VICTIMS.—The rescue of a shock victim depends on your immediate administration of first aid.

WARNING

Do not attempt to administer first aid or come in physical contact with an electric shock victim before the power is shut off or, if the power cannot be shut off immediately, before the victim has been removed from the live conductor.

When attempting to administer first aid to an electric shock victim, proceed as follows:

Shut off the power.

If the power cannot be deactivated, remove the victim immediately, observing the following precautions:

—Protect yourself with dry insulating material. Use a dry board, a belt, dry clothing, or other available nonconductive material to free the victim (by pulling, pushing, or rolling) from the power-carrying object. DO NOT TOUCH the victim.

Immediately after you remove the victim from contact with the live circuit, administer artificial respiration/ventilation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation as necessary.

ANYONE WHO RECEIVES A SIGNIFICANT SHOCK SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SICK BAY OR A MEDICAL FACILITY AND OBSERVED FOR SEVERAL HOURS.

Artificial Ventilation

A person who has stopped breathing is not necessarily dead, but is in immediate critical danger. Life depends on oxygen that is breathed into the lungs and then carried by the blood to every body cell. Since body cells cannot store oxygen, and since the blood can hold only a limited amount (and only for a short time), death will surely result from continued lack of breathing.

The heart may continue to beat and the blood may still be circulated to the body cells for some time after breathing has stopped. Since the blood will, for a short time, contain a small supply of oxygen, the body cells will not die immediately. Thus, for a few minutes, there is some chance that the person's life may be saved. A person who has stopped breathing but who is still alive is said to be in a state of respiratory failure. The first aid treatment for respiratory failure is called artificial ventilation.

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The purpose of artificial ventilation is to provide a method of air exchange until natural breathing is established. Artificial ventilation should be given only when natural breathing has stopped; it must NOT be given to any person who is still breathing. Do not assume that breathing has stopped merely because a person is unconscious or because a person has been rescued from the water, from poisonous gas, or from contact with an electric wire. Remember, DO NOT GIVE ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION TO A PERSON WHO IS BREATHING NATURALLY. If the victim does not begin spontaneous breathing after you use the head or jaw tilt techniques (discussed later) to open the airway, artificial ventilation must be attempted immediately. If ventilation is inadequate, one of the "thrust" methods of clearing the airway must be performed, followed by another attempt of artificial ventilation.

MOUTH-TO-MOUTH.—To perform this method of ventilation, clear the victim's mouth of obstructions (false teeth and foreign matter), place one hand under the victim's neck and the heel of the other hand on the forehead, and, using the thumb and index finger, pinch the nostrils shut. Tilt the head back to open the airway. Take a deep breath, cover the victim's mouth with your own, and blow into the victim's mouth. Then remove your mouth from the victim's to allow the victim to exhale. Observe the victim's chest for movement. If the victim has not started to breathe normally, start artificial ventilation with four quick ventilation in succession, allowing the lungs to only partially inflate. If the victim still does not respond, then you must fully inflate the victim's lungs at the rate of 12 TO 15 VENTILATIONS PER MINUTE, or ONE BREATH EVERY 5 SECONDS.

MOUTH-TO-NOSE.—This type ventilation is effective when the victim has extensive facial or dental injuries or is very young, as it permits an effective air seal.

To administer this method, place the heel of one hand on the victim's forehead and use the other hand to lift the jaw. After sealing the victim's lips, take a deep breath, place your lips over the victim's nose, and blow. Observe the chest for movement and place your ear next to the victim's nose to listen for, or feel, air exchange. Again, you must continue your efforts at the rate of 12 to 15 ventilation per minute, or one breath every 5 seconds, until the victim can breathe without assistance.

NOTE: Sometimes during artificial ventilation, air enters the stomach instead of the lungs. This condition is called GASTRIC DISTENTION. It can be relieved by moderate pressure exerted with a flat hand between the navel and rib cage. Before applying pressure, turn the victim's head to the side to prevent choking on stomach contents that are often brought up during the process.

BACK PRESSURE ARM LIFT.—This method is an alternate technique used when other methods are not possible. Place the victim on the stomach, face to one side, neck hypo-extended, with hands under the head. Quickly clear the mouth of any foreign matter. Kneel at the victim's head and place your hands on the victim's back so that the heels of the hands lie just below a line between the armpits, with thumbs touching and fingers extending downward and outward. Rock forward, keeping your arms straight, and exert pressure almost directly downward on the victim's back, forcing air out of the lungs. Then rock backward, releasing the pressure and grasping the arms just above the elbows. Continue to rock backward, pulling the arms upward and inward (toward the head) until resistance and tension in the victim's shoulders are noted. This expands the chest, causing active intake of air (inspiration). Rock forward and release the victim's arms. This causes passive exiting of air (expiration). Repeat the cycle of press, release, lift, and release 10 to 12 times a minute until the victim can breathe naturally.

Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Cardiac arrest is the complete stoppage of heart function. If the victim is to live, action must be taken immediately to restore heart function.

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In this situation, the immediate administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by a rescuer using correct procedures greatly increases the chances of a victim's survival. To be effective, CPR must be started within 4 minutes of the onset of cardiac arrest. CPR consists of external heart compression and artificial ventilation. This compression is performed on the outside of the chest, and the lungs are ventilated either by mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose techniques. The victim should be lying on a firm surface.

CAUTION

A rescuer who has not been properly trained should not attempt CPR. Everyone who works around electricity should be trained. (To learn CPR, consult a hospital corpsman.) Improperly done, CPR can cause serious damage. Therefore, it is never practiced on a healthy individual for training purposes; a training aid is used instead.

ONE RESCUER TECHNIQUE.—If a cardiac arrest is not witnessed, the rescuer must not assume that an arrest has occurred solely because the victim is lying on the floor and appears to be unconscious. First, try to arouse the victim. You can try shaking the victim's shoulders gently to obtain a response. Next, quickly check vital signs; if there is no response, apply artificial ventilation. Establish an open airway and ventilate the victim four times. Check the carotid (neck) pulse as shown in figure 1-1. If no pulse is felt and there are no visible signs of breathing, start CPR immediately.

Figure 1-1.—Feeling for the carotid pulse

To start external cardiac compression, place the victim on the back, establish an open airway, and kneel at right angles to the victim's body. Then locate the victim's sternum (breastbone). You have a choice of two methods of doing this. One method is to bare the chest and locate the sternum by drawing an imaginary line from one nipple to the other to identify the proper area of the sternum, which is darkened in figure 1-2. The other method is to locate the lower tip of the sternum with the index and middle fingers, placing the heels of your hands above your fingers in the darkened area.

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Figure 1-2.—Locating the sternum.

There is a small piece of cartilage at the lower end of the sternum (figure 1-2). A fracture of this area can damage the liver, causing hemorrhage (heavy bleeding) and death. When you place the heels of your hands on the victim's chest, make sure they are above the tip of the sternum.

Place the heel of one hand directly on the sternum and the heel of the other on top of the first. Figure 1-3, view A, shows this technique. Interlock your fingers and keep them off the victim's chest!

Figure 1-3.—Position for cardiac compression.

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Lean or rock forward with elbows locked, and apply vertical pressure to depress the sternum (adult) 1 1/2 to 2 inches. View B depicts this. Then release the pressure, keeping hands in place. Administer 60 to 80 compressions per minute.

You will feel less fatigue if you use the proper technique, and a more effective compression will result.

Ineffective compression occurs when the elbows are not locked, the rescuer is not directly over the sternum, or the hands are improperly placed on the sternum.

When one rescuer performs CPR, as shown in figure 1-4, the ratio of compressions to ventilations is 15 to 2. After 15 compressions, you must give the victim 2 ventilations. This ratio must continue for four full cycles. Then check for pulse and breathing. If there are still no signs of recovery, continue CPR until the victim can breathe unassisted or you are relieved by medical personnel.

Figure 1-4.—One rescuer CPR technique.

Before reviewing the next technique, let's go over the steps to take in an unwitnessed cardiac arrest involving one rescuer.

1. Determine whether the victim is conscious.

2. Check the vital signs.

3. Ventilate four times (you may have to remove an airway obstruction at this time!).

4. Again check the vital signs; if none:

a. Begin compression-ventilation rate of 15 to 2 for four complete cycles.

b. Check pulse, breathing, and pupils. If no change

c. Continue compression-ventilation rate of 15 to 2 until victim is responsive or you are relieved by medical personnel.

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TWO RESCUER TECHNIQUE.—If two people trained in CPR are on the scene, one must perform compressions while the other performs artificial ventilation. The ratio for two-person CPR is 5 compressions to 1 ventilation. One rescuer is positioned at the chest area and the other beside the victim's head. The rescuers should be on opposite sides of the victim.

To avoid confusion, one rescuer must be designated the leader. The leader must make the preliminary checks of the victim's vital signs and perform the initial four ventilations. The second rescuer will perform the compressions.

When CPR is started, the compressions should be given in a constant, methodical rhythm. The rescuer giving the compressions counts them out loud. As the fifth compression is released, the other rescuer ventilates the victim. The compressions should be continued while ventilation is being given.

Hemorrhage

Blood is circulated throughout the body by means of three different kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are large vessels that carry the blood away from the heart; veins are large vessels that carry the blood back to the heart; and capillaries form a connecting network of smaller vessels between the arteries and the veins.

Hemorrhage (escape of blood) occurs whenever there is a break in the wall of one or more blood vessels. In most small cuts, only capillaries are injured. Deeper wounds result in injury to veins or arteries. Bleeding which is severe enough to endanger life seldom occurs except when arteries or veins are cut.

The average adult body contains about 5 quarts (4.75 liters) of blood. One pint of blood can usually be lost without harmful effect—in fact, this is the amount usually given by blood donors. However, the loss of 2 pints (.95 liter) will usually cause shock; shock becomes greater and greater as the amount of blood loss increases (shock will be discussed later in this chapter). If half the blood in the body is lost, death almost always results.

Capillary blood is usually brick red in color. If capillaries are cut, the blood oozes out slowly. Blood from veins is dark red. If a vein is cut, the blood escapes in a steady, even flow. If an artery near the surface is cut, the blood will gush out in spurts that are synchronized with the heartbeats; but if the cut artery is deeply buried, the bleeding will appear to be a steady stream. Arterial blood is usually bright red in color.

In actual practice, you might find it difficult to decide whether bleeding is from a vein or an artery; but the distinction is not usually important. The important thing to know is that bleeding must be controlled as quickly as possible.

METHODS OF CONTROLLING BLEEDING.—The only way to stop serious bleeding is by the application of pressure. In practically all cases, bleeding can be stopped if PRESSURE is applied DIRECTLY TO THE WOUND. If direct pressure does not stop the bleeding, pressure should be applied at the appropriate pressure point. In those very rare cases where bleeding is so severe that it cannot be controlled by either of these methods, pressure can be applied by means of a tight, constricting band called a tourniquet.

PROCEDURES.—The actual procedures you should use to stop bleeding are detailed in the following paragraphs:

Direct Pressure.—In almost every case, bleeding can be stopped by the application of pressure directly on the wound. Figure 1-5 is an example of direct pressure. Place a dressing (sterile or clean, if

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possible) over the wound and firmly fasten it in position with a bandage. If bleeding does not stop, firmly secure another dressing over the first, or apply direct pressure with your hand to the dressing.

Figure 1-5.—Direct pressure.

In cases of severe hemorrhage, do not worry too much about the dangers of infection. The basic problem is to stop the flow of blood. If no material is available, simply apply pressure with your bare hand. Remember, DIRECT PRESSURE is the first method to use when you are trying to control hemorrhage.

Pressure Points.—Bleeding from a cut artery or vein may often be controlled by pressure applied to the appropriate pressure point. A pressure point is a place where the main artery to the injured part lies near the skin surface and over a bone. Pressure at such a point is applied with the fingers (digital pressure) or with the hand; no first aid materials are required. The object of the pressure is to compress the artery against the bone, thus shutting off the flow of blood from the heart to the wound.

There are 11 principal points on each side of the body where hand or finger pressure can be used to stop hemorrhage. These points are shown in figure 1-6.

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Figure 1-6.—Pressure points for control of bleeding.

You should memorize these pressure points so that you will know immediately which point to use for controlling hemorrhage from a particular part of the body. The correct pressure point is the one that is

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(1) NEAREST THE WOUND and (2) BETWEEN THE WOUND AND THE MAIN PART OF THE BODY.

Applying finger pressure is very tiring, and it can seldom be maintained for more than 15 minutes. Pressure points are recommended for use while direct pressure is being applied to a serious wound. While pressure is being applied at the appropriate pressure point, an assistant can bandage the wound (or wounds). If available, a battle dressing should be used. Figure 1-7 shows the battle dressing and its use. After opening the dressing, be careful not to contaminate it. Place the compress portion over the wound, then bind it tightly in place with the attached straps. If bleeding continues to be severe even after direct pressure and pressure points have been used, you may have to apply a tourniquet.

Figure 1-7.—Battle dressing.

Use of the Tourniquet.—A tourniquet is a constricting band that is used to cut off the supply of blood to an injured limb. It cannot be used to control bleeding from the head, neck, or trunk, since its use in these locations would result in greater injury or death. A tourniquet should be used only if the control of hemorrhage by other means proves to be impossible.

Basically, a tourniquet consists of a pad, a band, and a device for tightening the band so that the blood vessels will be compressed. There are several different kinds of ready-made tourniquets. A variety of materials can be used to improvise tourniquets. Any round, smooth pressure object may be used for the pad — a compress, a roller bandage, a stone, a rifle shell — and any long, flat material may be used as the band. However, the band must be flat: belts, stockings, flat strips of rubber, or neckerchiefs can be used; but rope, wire, string, or very narrow pieces of cloth should not be used because they will cut into the flesh. A short stick may be used to twist the band, thus tightening the tourniquet.

A tourniquet must always be applied above the wound — that is, toward the body — and it must be applied as close to the wound as practicable.

The best object to be used for the pad is either a bandage, a compress, or some similar pressure object. The pad goes under the band. It must be placed directly over the artery, or it will actually decrease the pressure on the artery and thus allow greater flow of blood. If a tourniquet placed over a pressure object does not stop the bleeding, the pressure object is probably in the wrong place. If this occurs, shift

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the object around until the tourniquet, when tightened, will control the bleeding. If no suitable pressure object is available, use the tourniquet without it.

To apply an emergency tourniquet made from something like a neckerchief, wrap the material once around the limb and tie an overhand knot; place a short stick on the overhand knot and tie a square knot over it. Then twist the stick rapidly to tighten the tourniquet. The stick may be tied in place with another strip of material. Figure 1-8 shows how to apply a tourniquet.

Figure 1-8.—Applying a tourniquet.

To be effective, a tourniquet must be tight enough to stop the blood flowing to the limb. If the pressure from the tourniquet is less than the arterial pressure, arterial bleeding will continue. Also, insufficient tourniquet pressure may actually increase the amount of bleeding from the veins. So be sure to draw the tourniquet tight enough to stop the bleeding. However, do not make it any tighter than necessary.

After you have brought the bleeding under control with the tourniquet, apply a sterile compress or dressing to the wound and fasten it in position with a bandage.

CAUTION

NEVER apply a tourniquet unless the hemorrhage is so severe that it cannot be controlled in any other way. By the time the tourniquet is required, the victim will have lost a considerable amount of blood; therefore, once a tourniquet has been applied, it should be released only by medical personnel.

Here are the points to remember when you use a tourniquet:

• Do not use a tourniquet unless you cannot control the bleeding by any other means.

• Do not use a tourniquet for bleeding from the head, face, neck, or trunk. Use it only on the limbs.

• Always apply a tourniquet above the wound and as close to the wound as possible.

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• Be sure you draw the tourniquet tight enough to stop the bleeding, but do not make it any tighter than necessary.

• Do not loosen a tourniquet after it has been applied except in extreme emergency.

• Do not cover a tourniquet with a dressing. If you must cover the injured person in some way, make sure that all other people concerned with the case know about the tourniquet. Using crayon, magic marker, or blood, mark a large T on the victim's forehead or on a medical tag attached to the wrist.

Shock

If you've ever hit your finger with a hammer and felt — in addition to the pain — weak, dizzy, and nauseous, then you have experienced a mild form of shock. In such an instance, the symptoms appear immediately after the injury; but they may not show up for several hours.

Shock is a condition in which blood circulation is seriously disturbed. Crushed or fractured bones, burns, prolonged bleeding, and asphyxia all cause shock. It may be slight or it may be severe enough to cause death. Because all injuries will result in some form of shock, you must learn its symptoms and know how to treat the victim.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE SHOCK.—A person who is going into shock may show quite a few signs or symptoms, some of which are indicated in figure 1-9 and are discussed below. Remember, however, that signs of shock do not always appear at the time of the injury; indeed, in many serious cases they may not appear until hours later.

Figure 1-9.—Symptoms of shock.

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The symptoms of a person suffering from shock are caused, directly or indirectly, by the disturbance of the circulation of the blood. The pulse is weak and rapid. Breathing is likely to be shallow, rapid, and irregular, because the poor circulation of the blood affects the breathing center in the brain. The temperature near the surface of the body is lowered because of the poor blood flow; so the face, arms, and legs feel cold to the touch. Sweating is likely to be very noticeable. A person in shock is usually very pale, but in some cases the skin may have a bluish or reddish color. As mentioned previously when we were discussing electric shock, in the care of victims with dark skin, it may be necessary to rely primarily on the color of the mucous membranes on the inside of the mouth or under the eyelid or under the nail bed. A person in or going into shock has a bluish color to these membranes instead of a healthy pink. The pupils of the eyes are usually dilated (enlarged).

A conscious person in shock may complain of thirst and have a feeling of weakness, faintness, or dizziness. The victim may feel nauseous, restless, frightened, and/or anxious. As shock deepens, these signs gradually disappear and the victim becomes less and less responsive to what is going on. Even pain may not arouse the shock victim. Finally, the victim may become unconscious.

You will not likely see all these symptoms of shock in any one case. Some of them appear only in late stages of shock when the disturbance of the blood flow has become so great that the person's life is in serious danger. Sometimes the signs of shock may be disguised by other signs of injury. You must know what symptoms indicate the presence of shock, but do not ever wait for symptoms to develop before beginning the treatment for shock. Remember, EVERY SERIOUSLY INJURED PERSON IS LIKELY TO DEVELOP SERIOUS SHOCK.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SHOCK.—You should begin treatment for shock as soon as possible. Prompt treatment may prevent the occurrence of shock or, if it has already developed, prevent its reaching a critical point. Keep the victim lying down and warm. If conscious, the victim should be encouraged and assured that expert medical help will arrive soon.

KEEP AN INJURED PERSON WARM ENOUGH FOR COMFORT, BUT DO NOT LET THE VICTIM BECOME OVERHEATED.

The best position to use for the prevention or the treatment of shock is one which encourages the flow of blood to the brain. If the injured person can be placed on his/her back on a bed, a cot, or a stretcher, you can raise the lower end of the support about 12 inches so that the feet will be higher than the head. The circumstances of the accident may prevent the use of a bed, a cot, or a stretcher. In such cases, you might still be able to raise the feet and legs enough to help the blood flow to the brain. Sometimes you can take advantage of a natural slope of ground and place the casualty so that the head is lower than the feet.

In every case, of course, you will have to consider what type of injury is present before you can decide on the best position. For example, a person with a chest wound may have so much trouble breathing that you will have to raise the head slightly. If the face is flushed rather than pale, or if you have any reason to suspect a head injury, do not raise the feet; instead, you should keep the head level with or slightly higher than the feet. If the person has broken bones, you will have to judge what position would be best both for the fractures and for shock. A fractured spine must be immobilized before the victim is moved at all, if further injuries are to be avoided. If you have any doubts about the correct position to use, have the victim lie flat on his/her back. THE BASIC POSITION FOR TREATING SHOCK IS ONE IN WHICH THE HEAD IS LOWER THAN THE FEET. Do the best you can under the particular circumstances to get the injured person into this position. In any case, never let a seriously injured person sit, stand, or walk around.

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Liquids should be administered sparingly, and not at all if medical attention will be available within a short time. If necessary, small amounts of warm water, tea, or coffee may be given to a victim who is conscious. Persons having serious burns are an exception. Burn victims require large amounts of fluids. Water, tea, fruit juices, and sugar water may be given freely to a victim who is conscious, able to swallow, and has no internal injuries. Slightly salted water is also beneficial. Alcohol must never be given to a person in shock.

An injured person may or may not be in pain. The amount of pain felt depends in part on the person's physical condition and the type of injury. Extreme pain, if not relieved, can increase the degree of shock. Make the victim as comfortable as possible. Fractures should be immobilized and supported. Immobilization greatly reduces, and sometimes eliminates, pain. Normally, you should not administer drugs, but aspirin may be given for mild pain.

Heat is important in the treatment of shock to the extent that the injured person's body heat must be conserved. Exposure to cold, with resulting loss of body heat, can cause shock to develop or to become worse. You will have to judge the amount of covering to use by considering the weather and the general circumstances of the accident. Often a light covering will be enough to keep the casualty comfortable. Wet clothing should be removed and dry covering provided, even on a hot day. Use blankets or any dry material to conserve body heat. Artificial means of warming (hot water bottles, heated bricks, heated sand) should not ordinarily be used. Artificial heat may cause loss of body fluids (by sweating) and it brings the blood closer to the surface, thus defeating the body's own efforts to supply blood to the vital organs and to the brain. Also, the warming agent may burn the victim.

Burns

The seriousness of a burn depends on two factors: the extent of the burned area and the depth of the burn. Shock can be expected from burns involving 15 percent or more of the body. Burns involving 20 percent endanger life. Without adequate treatment, burns of over 30 percent are usually fatal. The depth of the injury determines whether it is a first, second, or third degree burn.

First degree burns are mildest. Symptoms are slight pain, redness, tenderness, and increased temperature of the affected area.

Second degree burns are more serious. The inner skin may be damaged, resulting in blistering, severe pain, some dehydration, and possible shock.

Third degree burns are worst of all. The skin is destroyed, and possibly also the tissue and muscle beneath it. The skin may be charred, or it may be white and lifeless (from scalds). After the initial injury, pain may be less severe because of destroyed nerve ends. The person may have chills. Some form of shock will result.

Probably the most important aspect is the extent of the burned area. A first degree burn covering a large area could be more serious than a small third degree burn. A sunburn, for example, ranging from mild to serious, is easily obtained, particularly if you are not accustomed to the exposure. If you were to fall asleep while sunbathing, second degree burns, or even third degree burns of a possibly fatal nature, could result.

The most effective immediate treatment of burns and of pain is to immerse the burned area in cold water or to apply cold compresses if immersion is impracticable. Cold water not only minimizes pain, but also reduces the burning effect in the deeper layers of the skin. Gently pat dry the area with lint-free cloth or gauze. Aspirin is also effective for the relief of pain. Continue treatment until no pain is felt when the burned area is exposed to the air.

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Burn victims require large amounts of water, which should be slightly salted. Because of the nature of the injury, most burns are sterile. The best treatment for uninfected burns, therefore, is merely to protect the area by covering it with the cleanest (preferably sterile) dressing available. Never apply ointments to a burn nor use petrolatum gauze.

Do not attempt to break blisters or to remove shreds of tissue or adhered particles of charred clothing. Never apply a greasy substance (butter, lard, or petroleum jelly), antiseptic preparations, or ointments. These may cause further complications and interfere with later treatment by medical personnel.

Heatstroke

Sunstroke is more accurately called heatstroke since a person does not have to be exposed to the sun for this condition to develop. It is a less common but far more serious condition than heat exhaustion, since it carries a 20 percent fatality rate. The main feature of heatstroke is the extremely high body temperature, 105º F (41º C) or higher, that accompanies it. In heatstroke, the victim has a breakdown of the sweating mechanism and is unable to eliminate excessive body heat built up while exercising. If the body temperature rises too high, the brain, kidneys, and liver may be permanently damaged.

Sometimes the victim may have preliminary symptoms, such as headache, nausea, dizziness, or weakness. Breathing will be deep and rapid at first, later shallow and almost absent. Usually the victim will be flushed, very dry, and very hot. The pupils will be constricted (pinpoint) and the pulse fast and strong. Figure 1-10 compares these symptoms with those of heat exhaustion.

Figure 1-10.—Symptoms of heatstroke and heat exhaustion.

When you provide first aid for heatstroke, remember that this is a true life-and-death emergency. The longer the victim remains overheated, the higher the chances of irreversible body damage or even death occurring. First aid treatment for heatstroke is designed to reduce body heat.

Reduce body heat immediately by dousing the body with cold water, or applying wet, cold towels to the whole body. Move the victim to the coolest possible place and remove as much clothing as possible. Maintain an open airway. Place the victim on his/her back, with the head and shoulders slightly raised. If cold packs are available, place them under the arms, around the neck, at the ankles, and in the groin. Expose the victim to a fan or air-conditioner since drafts will promote cooling. Immersing the victim in a cold water bath is also effective. Give the victim (if conscious) cool water to drink. Do not give any hot

1-18

drinks or stimulants. Get the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. Cooling measures must be continued while the victim is being transported.

Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion (heat prostration or heat collapse) is the most common condition caused by working or exercising in hot spaces. Heat exhaustion produces a serious disruption of blood flow to the brain, heart, and lungs. This causes the victim to experience weakness, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, and nausea.

Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion are similar to those of shock: the victim will appear ashen gray; the skin will be cold, moist, and clammy; and the pupils of the eyes may be dilated (enlarged). The vital (blood pressure, temperature, pulse, and respiration) signs usually are normal; however, the victim may have a weak pulse together with rapid and shallow breathing. Body temperature may be below normal.

You should treat heat exhaustion victims as if they were in shock. Loosen the clothing, apply cool wet cloths, move the victim to either a cool or an air-conditioned area, and fan the victim. Do not allow the person to become chilled. If the victim is conscious, administer a solution of 1 teaspoon of salt dissolved in a quart of cool water. If the victim vomits, do not give any more fluids. Transport the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible.

HELPFUL INFORMATION

The second part of this handbook has been compiled to provide the technician with a collection of helpful information. Included are many commonly used formulas, data tables, and general maintenance hints used in, with, and around electricity.

BASIC ELECTRICAL FORMULAS

Basic electrical formulas are included to aid you in solving electrical problems. These formulas are for capacitance, current, inductance, power, reactance, impedance, resistance, voltage, and transformers. Additional formulas can be found in the appropriate NEETS module.

Capacitance

The property of an electrical device to store energy is CAPACITANCE. This energy is stored in a way to oppose a change in voltage. A CAPACITOR is used to store this electrical energy. The FARAD is the basic unit of measurement of capacitance.

Formulas for capacitance:

1-19

Common insulating materials for capacitors and their dielectric constant are:

MATERIAL CONSTANT

Vacuum 1.0000 Air 1.0006 Paraffin paper 3.5 Glass 5 to 10 Mica 3 to 6 Rubber 2.5 to 35 Wood 2.5 to 8 Glycerine (15º C) 56 Petroleum 2 Pure Water 81

The time to charge a capacitor to 63.2 percent of applied voltage or discharge it to 36.8 percent of its initial voltage is known as the TIME CONSTANT (t) of the circuit. Figure 1-11 shows an RC time constant chart. One time constant (t) in seconds equals R × C, with R in ohms and C in farads.

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Figure 1-11.—RC time constants.

Figure 1-12 is a universal time constant chart for RC and LR circuits. One time constant (t) in seconds equals R × C, with R in ohms and C in farads, or L/R with L in henries and R in ohms.

Figure 1-12.—Universal time constant chart for RC and LR circuits.

Adding capacitors in series:

1-21

If only two capacitors are used:

If more than two capacitors are used:

CAUTION

Capacitors retain an electrical charge. Be sure to discharge all capacitors and circuits containing capacitors before working on them.

A more detailed description of capacitors and capacitance can be found in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers.

Current

Electrons (negative charges) move through a conductor when an electric field is applied. Electron current is defined as the directed flow of electrons from negative to positive.

Current is measured in AMPERES (AMP). One amp of current flows when one coulomb (6.28 × 1018 electrons) passes a point in one second.

The Ohm's law formulas for current are:

1-22

Ac current formulas are:

Ohm's law for reactive circuits:

Ohm's law for circuits containing resistance and reactance:

Current across the primary (Ip) of a transformer:

Current across the secondary (Is):

NOTE

Human reaction to electrical shock is determined by the amount of current flowing through the body. A 100-milliampere shock for 1 second is usually fatal!

More information about current can be found in NEETS, Module 1, Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current.

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Inductance

Inductance is the characteristic of an electrical conductor that opposes a change in electrical current. The symbol for inductance is L and the basic unit of measurement is the HENRY(H).

An inductor has an inductance of 1 henry if an electromotive force (emf) of 1 volt is induced in the inductor when the current through the inductor is changing at the rate of one ampere per second.

Mathematically:

Mutual inductance:

Series inductors without magnetic coupling:

Series inductors with magnetic coupling:

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Parallel inductors without coupling:

Provided the coefficient of coupling between inductors is zero.

Resistive/inductive circuit:

The time required for the current in an inductor to increase to 63.2 percent of its final value or decrease to 36.8 percent is known as the time constant.

Mathematically expressed:

Figure 1-13 shows an L/R time constant chart.

Figure 1-13.—L/R time constant.

You may want to refer back to figure 1-12, which shows the L/R relationship using the universal time constant chart.

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Inductive reactance:

Ohm's law for reactive circuit:

You can find more information about inductance in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers.

Power

Electrical POWER pertains to the rate at which work is being done. Work is done whenever a force causes motion. The instantaneous rate at which work is done is called the electric power rate and is measured in WATTS.

Formulas for power in dc circuits are:

For ac circuits:

True power:

True power is measured in watts.

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Another way to calculate reactive power is:

Reaction power:

Subtract the smaller from the larger:

Apparent power:

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You can find more detailed information about power in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers.

Reactance

REACTANCE is the result of the difference between the values of X C (capacitive reactance) and XL (inductive reactance). Reactance is represented by the letter X and its basic measurement is in ohms.

The formula for reactance is:

If you want more detailed information on reactance, look in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers.

Impedance

IMPEDANCE is the combined opposition of current flow by reactance and resistance and is represented by the symbol Z.

Formulas for finding impedance:

1-28

Resistance

RESISTANCE is the opposition to current flow. It is measured in ohms and is represented by the letter R.

Formulas for resistance:

Voltage

VOLTAGE exists when a charge exists between two bodies. When a one coulomb charge exists, one unit of electrical potential energy is created. This is called a difference of potential, an electromotive force, or a voltage. It is measured in volts and represented by the letter E.

Formulas for voltage:

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Voltage across the primary of a transformer:

Voltage across the secondary of a transformer:

Transformers

A TRANSFORMER is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). Voltage induced into the secondary from the primary is determined by the turns ratio.

Turns ratio formula:

Turns and current ratios:

By dividing both sides of the equation by IpNs, you obtain:

1-30

Since:

Transformer power:

1-31

WARNING

Transformers are often used to STEP-UP voltage. You may find a low voltage across the primary and a much higher voltage across the secondary. Use extreme caution, especially when working around television and other crt high voltage transformers. They often step voltages up to, or in excess of, 30,000 volts.

BASIC ELECTRONICS FORMULAS

Basic electronics formulas are included to aid you in solving any electronics problem that you may encounter. These formulas are for antennas, resonance, transistors, vacuum tubes, wavelength, and radar. Additional formulas may be found in the appropriate NEETS module.

Antennas

An antenna is a conductor or a group of conductors used either for radiating electromagnetic energy into space or collecting it from space or both.

Antenna gain remains the same for the antenna whether it is transmitting or receiving. Antenna gain (G) can be described as the effectiveness of a directional antenna in a particular direction, compared to a standard or reference antenna. Some antenna formulas are shown below:

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WARNING

Rf voltages may be induced in ungrounded metal objects such as wire guys, wire cables (hawsers), handrails, or ladders. You could receive a shock or rf burn if you come in contact with these objects. Obtain proper permission prior to going topside or "working aloft."

Rf burns are usually deep, penetrating, and third degree. They must heal from the inside out. If you are burned, seek medical attention. A person in an RF field will usually have a body temperature rise. The eyes and reproductive organs are especially susceptible to RF energy. Read and heed all warning signs!

You can find more information about antennas in NEETS, Module 10, Introduction to Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and Antennas.

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Resonance

RESONANCE is a condition that exists in a circuit when inductance, capacitance, and the applied frequency are such that inductive reactance and capacitive reactance cancel each other.

Formula for resonant frequency (fr):

NOTE: The formula for resonance is the same for series or parallel circuits when XL = X C.

Transistors

Semiconductor devices that have three or more elements are called TRANSISTORS. The term is derived from TRANSfer and resISTOR. This term describes the operation of the transistor — the transfer of an input signal current from a low-resistance circuit to a high-resistance circuit.

Some transistor formulas are shown below.

Transistor total current:

1-34

Alpha is always less than 1 for a common base configuration.

TRANSISTOR RUGGEDNESS.—Transistors are generally more rugged mechanically than electron tubes. They are susceptible to damage by electrical overloads, heat, humidity, and radiation. Unless you are careful, damage can occur during maintenance.

DAMAGE PREVENTION.—To prevent damage and avoid electrical shock, use the following precautions when working on transistorized equipment:

• Check your test equipment and soldering irons for leakage current from the power source. If leakage current exists, use an isolation transformer to eliminate the current.

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• Connect a ground between the test equipment and circuit under test.

• Do not exceed the maximum allowable voltages for circuit components and transistors.

• Ohmmeter ranges that require more than one milliampere should not be used for testing transistors.

• Battery eliminators should not be used to furnish power for transistorized equipment. They have poor voltage regulation.

• The heat applied to a transistor, when soldered connections are required, should be kept to a minimum by the use of low-wattage soldering irons and heat shunts or heat sinks.

• When replacing transistors, never pry them from the printed circuit board.

• Check all circuits for defects before replacing transistors.

• Remove power from the equipment prior to replacing a transistor.

• Use extreme care when using test probes on a transistorized circuit. It is easy to short across adjacent terminals with conventional probes. Try insulating the probe tips and leaving a very short section of the point exposed.

You can find more about transistors in NEETS, Module 7, Introduction to Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies.

Vacuum Tubes

The characteristics of a vacuum tube are measured by two factors: AMPLIFICATION FACTOR, mu (µ), and TRANSCONDUCTANCE (gm).

Formula for amplification factor:

Formula for transconductance (gm) is:

Information on vacuum tubes can be found in NEETS, Module 6, Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies.

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CAUTION

Because vacuum tubes become hot and most are made of glass, use caution while removing or replacing them. Use vacuum tube pullers or at least wear some type of hand protection.

Wavelength

Wavelength is the distance in space occupied by one cycle of a radio wave at any given instant. If a radio wave could be frozen in time and measured, the distance from the leading edge of one cycle to the leading edge of the next cycle would be the wavelength. Wavelength varies from a few hundredths of an inch at the high frequencies to many miles at extremely low frequencies. Common practice is to express wavelength in meters. The Greek letter lambda (λ) is used to signify wavelength. Formulas for wavelength, period, and velocity are shown below.

Wavelength formula:

Frequency formula:

You can find more information on wavelength, frequency, period, and velocity in NEETS, Module 10, Introduction to Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and Antennas.

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Radar

Some helpful radar information/formulas are shown below.

PW Pulse Width—The width of the transmitted RF pulse from the radar

(the term can also be used regarding other non-RF information).

PRT Pulse Repetition Time—The duration of the time between radar

transmitter pulses (leading edge of pulse to leading edge of the next pulse).

PRR or PRF

PRF Pulse Repetition Rate or Pulse Repetition Frequency—the number of pulses that occur during one second.

DC Duty Cycle—The amount of actual transmitter pulse time (PW)

divided by the amount of transmitter total time (PRT). For radar applications, the duty cycle will always be less than one.

Ppk Power Peak (normally referenced in kilowatts)—The actual power of

the transmitted RF pulse (PW).

Pavg Average Power (normally referenced in watts)—The transmitted

power relative to one PRT.

1-38

Minimum radar range = (pulse width + *recovery time) × 164 yards

*In most modern radar systems, recovery time is negligible and does not need to be considered when figuring minimum radar range.

Radar range resolution (in yards) = pulse width × 164 yards per microsecond.

When you use the term decibel (dB), you are referring to a logarithmic comparison between two signals, usually the output and the input. In power measurement applications, however, a reference of 0 dBm equalling 1 milliwatt is usually used. The term dBm is used to represent power levels above, below, or at 1 milliwatt.

The following formulas are used for figuring dB:

In circuits where impedances may vary:

Some basic information to remember:

1-39

POWER CONVERSION

For ease of power conversion, this listing provides rough, basic data:

1-40

Log or dB Gain or mw

11 12.5 10 10

9 8 8 6.25 7 5 6 4 5 3.125 4 2.5 3 2 2 1.6 1 1.25 0 1

-1 0.8 -2 0.625 -3 0.5 -4 0.4 -5 0.312 -6 0.25 -7 0.2 -8 0.16 -9 0.125

-10 0.1 -11 0.08

The figures in the above listing are not precise, but are accurate for most applications. For figures in between the above numbers, logarithm interpolation must be done. Table 1-34 provides a seven-place table of common logarithms.

The following are examples of power conversion:

Example 1:

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Example 2:

Example 3:

DATA TABLES

Data tables are provided for reference. Information in the tables are the usually accepted standards. Various military standards have also been used to provide these tables.

Capacitor Identification

Two methods of capacitor identification are used. The first is the typographical method, and the second is the color code method. Typographically marked identification will be discussed first. It is the type marking where a number is printed on the capacitor. You should note that on different physical styles of capacitors, the printed number may be in either microfarads or picofarads. Two styles of capacitors have been selected from Military Standard 198E (MIL-STD-198E) to show how the part number stamped on the capacitor is broken down.

Table 1-1 shows the CB style of capacitor part number breakdown.

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Table 1-1.—CB Style Capacitor Part Number Breakdown

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Table 1-2 shows how the part number on the CMR style of capacitor is broken down

Table 1-2.—CMR Style Capacitor Part Number Breakdown

Table 1-3 is a partial cross reference list of the CYR10 (MIL-C-23269/1) style of capacitor. As an example, if you need a 3.3 pF, 500 VDC capacitor in the CYR10 style, with a failure rate (FR) of 1 percent per 1,000 hours, the part number would be M23269/01-3009.

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Table 1-3.—CYR10 Style Capacitor Cross-Reference

Table 1-3 is not a complete list of the CYR10 style capacitor. The CYR10 is not the only style capacitor listed this way. You should refer to Military Standard 198E (MIL-STD-198E), Capacitors, Selection and Use of, for more information.

The color coding identification method is becoming obsolete. This method is included for the technician who is required to work on some older model equipment.

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Figure 1-14.—Six-dot color code for mica and molded paper capacitors.

Figure 1-15.—Six-band color code for tubular paper dielectric capacitors.

1-46

Figure 1-16.—Ceramic capacitor color code.

1-47

Figure 1-17.—Mica capacitor color code.

Table 1-4 shows some principal capacitor applications by type and military specification.

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Table 1-4.—Principal Applications of Capacitors

Table 1-5 is a capacitor style to military specification cross referencing. This cross reference guide is included for general information only; some styles are not preferred standards and, therefore, are not included in this standard.

Table 1-5.—Style to Military Specification Cross-Reference

STYLE SPECIFICATION DESCRIPTION CLASS STATUS REPLACEMENT CA MIL-C 12889 Paper, By-Pass Non-ER I 19978 CB 10950 Mica, Button, Feed-Thru Non-ER A CC 20 Ceramic, Encap., Temp.

Comp. Non-ER PI CCR

CCR 20 Ceramic, Encap., Temp. Comp.

ER A

CDR 55681 Ceramic, Chip ER A CE 62 Aluminum Electrolytic Non-ER PI 39018 CFR 55514 Plastic, Non-Herm. Sealed ER A CG 23183 Vacuum or Gas, Variable Non-ER A CH 18312 Metallized Paper, or Plastic Non-ER I 39022 CHR 39022 Metallized Plastic, Herm.

Sealed ER A

CJ 3871 Aluminum, Motor Start Non-ER C EIA RS-463 39014

CK 11015 Ceramic, Encapsulated Non-ER PI CKR 39014 Ceramic, Encapsulated ER A CKS 123 Ceramic, Encapsulated and

Chip Hi-Rel A

CL 3965 Tantalum, Foil and Wet Slug

Non-ER I 39006

CLR 39006 Tantalum, Foil and Wet Slug

ER A

CM 5 Mica, Molded, Silvered, and RF

Non-ER PI 39001

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Table 1-5.—Style to Military Specification Cross-Reference. —Continued

STYLE SPECIFICATION DESCRIPTION CLASS STATUS REPLACEMENT CMR 39001 Mica, Silvered ER A CMS 87164 Mica, Silvered Hi-Rel A CN 91 Paper, Non-Metal Cases Non-ER C 55514 CP 25 Paper, Herm. Sealed Non-ER I 19978 CPV 14157 Paper or Plastic, Herm.

Sealed Non-ER C 19978

CQ 19978 Paper or Plastic, Herm. Sealed

Non-ER I CQR

CQR 19978 Paper or Plastic, Herm. Sealed

ER A

CRH 83421 Metallized Plastic, Herm. Sealed

ER A

CRL 83500 Tantalum, Wet Slug Non-ER A CS 26655 Tantalum, Solid, Herm.

Sealed Non-ER C 39003

CSR 39003 Tantalum, Solid, Herm. Sealed

ER A

CSS 39003 Tantalum, Solid, Herm. Sealed

Hi-Rel A

CT 92 Air, Variable Non-ER A CTM 27287 Plastic, Non-Metal Case Non-ER I 55514 CU 39018 Aluminum Electrolytic Non-ER PI CUR CUR 39018 Aluminum Electroyltic ER A CV 81 Ceramic, Variable Non-ER A CWR 55365 Tantalum, Solid, Chip ER A CX 49137 Tantalum, Solid, Non-

Herm. Sealed Non-ER A

CY 11272 Glass Non-ER I 23269 CYR 23269 Glass Non-ER A CZ 11693 Metallized Paper or Plastic

F.T. Non-ER I CZR

CZR 11693 Metallized Paper or Plastic F.T.

ER A

PC 14409 Piston Trimmer Non-ER A A = Active for design ER = Extended reliability C = Canceled NON-ER = Not extended reliability I = Inactive for design HI-REL = High reliability PI = Partially Inactive for design

Military Standard 198E (MIL-STD-198E) contains information concerning capacitors and should be helpful in selecting any replacement.

Resistor Identification

This section contains information that will aid you in identifying the specifications indicated on resistors.

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Figure 1-18.—Resistor color code.

Table 1-6 is a resistor selection chart. As an example, let's suppose you need a 1-watt, composition resistor. Look under the "type" heading to find composition. Then look under the "power and max voltage ratings" headings to find 1W/500V. The style you select should be RCR32. This is the first part of the part number. To find the last part of the desired part number, the ohmic value, refer to table 1-7, the resistor type designation part number breakdown.

Tables 1-6 and 1-7 are excerpts from Military Standard 199C(MIL-STD-199C) and are included as examples of the information contained in MIL-STD-199C. If another type of resistor is needed, the complete part number breakdown can be located in MIL-STD-199C.

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Table 1-6.—Resistor Selection Chart

Military specification

Type Styles available in standard

Power and max voltage ratings

Resistance tolerance (+ percent)

Ohmic range

RW29 11W .1 to 5.6 K RW31 14W .1 to 6.8 K RW33 26W .1 to 18 K RW35 55W .1 to 43 K RW37 113W .1 to 91 K RW38 159V .1 to.15 M RW47 210W .1 to.18 M

MIL-R-26 Wirewound (Power Type)

RW56 14W

5, 10

.1 to 9.1 K

MIL-R-22684 Film (Insulated) RL42. . .TX 2W/500V 2, 5 10 to 1.5 M MIL-R-18546 Wirewound (Power

Type, Chassis Mounted)

RE77 RE80

75W 120W

1 1

.05 to 29.4 K

.1 to 35.7 K

MIL-R-39008 Composition (Insulated), Established Reliability

RCR05 RCR07 RCR20 RCR32 RCR42

.125W/150V

.25W/250V

.5W/350V 1W/500V 2W/500V

5, 10

2.7 to 22 M 2.7 to 22 M 1.0 to 22 M 1.0 to 22 M 10 to 22 M

MIL-R-55182 Film, Established Reliability

RNR50 RNR55 RNR60 RNR65 RNR70 RNR75 RNC90 .

.05W/200V

.1W/200V

.1W/200V

.125/200V

.125W/250V

.25W/300V

.25W/300V

.5W/350V

.5W/350V

.75W/500V 1W/750V 2W/750V .3W/300V 6W/300V

.1, .5, 1

.05, .01, .005

10 to.796 M 10 to 2.0 M 1.0 to 4.02 M 1.0 to 8.06 M 1.0 to 15 M 24.9 to 2 M 4.99 to 100K

1/ M = megohms; K = kilohms.

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Table 1-6.—Resistor Selection Chart—Continued

Military specification

Type Styles available in standard

Power and max voltage ratings

Resistance tolerance (+ percent)

Ohmic range

MIL-R-39005 Wirewound (Accurate), Established Reliability

RBR52 RBR53 RBR54 RBR55 RBR56 RBR57 RBR71 RRBR75

.5W/600V

.33W/300V

.25W/300V

.15W/200V

.125W/150V

.75W/600V

.125W/150V

.125W/150V

.01, .05, .1, 1

.1 to.806 M

.1 to.499 M

.1 to.255 M

.1 to.150 M

.1 to.1 M

.1 to 1.37 M

.1 to.1 M

.1 to 71.5 K MIL-R-39007 Wirewound (Power

Type), Established Reliability

RWR78 RWR80 RWR81 RWRB2 RWR84 RWR89

10W 2W 1W 1.5W 7W 3W

.1, .5, 1

.1 to 39.2 K

.1 to 1.21 K

.1 to.464 K

.1 to.931 K

.1 to 12.4 K

.1 to 3.57 K MIL-R-39017 Film (Insulated),

Established Reliability RLR05 RLR07 RLR20 RLR32

.125W/200V

.25W/250V

.5W/350V 1W/500V

1, 2

4.7 to.3 M 10 to 2.49 M 4.3 to 3.01 M 10 to 1.0 M

MIL-R-39009 Wirewound (Power Type, Chassis Mounted), Established Reliability

RER40 RER45 RER50 RER55 RER60 RER65 RER70 RER75

5W 10W 20W 30W 5W 10W 20W 30W

1

1 to 1.65 K 1 to 2.80 K 1 to 6.04 K 1 to 19.6 K .1 to 3.32 K .1 to 5.62 K .1 to 12.1K .1 to 39.2 K

MIL-R-55342 Film, Chip, Established Reliability

RM0502 RM0505 RM0705 RM1005 RM1505 RM2208

.02W/40V

.15W/40V

.10W/40V

.15W/40V

.10W/50V

.225W/50V

1, 5, 10

5.6 to .1 M 5.6 to .47 M 5.6 to .1 M 5.6 to .47 M 5.6 to .1 M 5.6 to 15 M

1/ M = megohms; K = kilohms.

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Table 1-7.—Resistor Type Designation Part Number Breakdown

Transformer Lead Identification

This area contains color coding identification as it relates to transformers.

Figure 1-19 shows the color codes for power transformers, IF transformers, and interstage-audio transformers.

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Figure 1-19.—Color code for transformers.

Chassis Wiring Identification

The standard colors used in chassis wiring for the purpose of equipment circuit identification follow:

CIRCUIT

COLOR

GROUNDS, GROUNDED ELEMENTS, AND RETURNS BLACK BEATERS OR FILAMENTS, OFF GROUND BROWN POWER SUPPLY +Vcc/+Ebb RED SCREEN GRIDS ORANGE EMITTERS/CATHODES YELLOW BASES/CONTROL GRIDS GREEN COLLECTORS/PLATES BLUE POWER SUPPLY, -Vcc /-Ebb VIOLET (PURPLE) AC POWER LINES GRAY MISCELLANEOUS, ABOVE OR BELOW GROUND RETURNS, AUTOMATIC VOLUME CONTROL (AVC)

WHITE

Semiconductor Case Outlines, Color Coding, Lead Identification, and Pin Placement

Case outlines, color coding, lead identification, and pin placements of common semiconductor devices are used frequently by the technician and are included in figures 1-20, 1-21, and 1-22.

1-55

Figure 1-20.—Semiconductor diode markings and color code system.

1-56

Figure 1-21.—Transistor lead identification and case outline.

1-57

Figure 1-22.—IC identification and pin placement.

Batteries

The two fundamental types of batteries are the PRIMARY CELL and SECONDARY CELL. Primary cells are those commonly used in flashlights and some portable, hand-held test equipment. Common sizes and part numbers are:

SIZE

PART NUMBER

AA BA58 C BA42 D BA30

Secondary cell batteries are the type used in automobiles. They are rechargeable.

Safety precautions concerning charging, handling, and storage of batteries can be found in the Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), General, NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-100. Stock

1-58

numbers and part numbers can be found in NAVSUP Publication 4400, the Afloat Shopping Guide. The federal supply classification (FSC) number for batteries is 6135. You can also find more information on batteries in NEETS, Module 1, Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current.

Cables

Tables 1-8 and 1-9 contain type, construction, and application data on shipboard cable. These tables contain current, discontinued, and some recently obsolete types of cables and cords.

Table 1-8.—Types and Construction/Description of Shipboard Cable

CVSF 400-Hz aircraft servicing: three synthetic rubber insulated conductors and one uninsulated conductor, overall polychloroprene jacket.

DLT Divers lifeline and telephone: four rubber insulated conductors cabled around an insulated steel core, reinforced polychloroprene jacket overall.

DSS Double conductor, shielded: rubber insulation, overall braided shield, polychloroprene or chlorosulfonated polyethylene jacket.

DSWS Double conductor, shielded: rubber insulation, overall braided shield, polychloroprene jacket.

FSS Four conductors, shielded: rubber insulated, overall braided shield, polychloroprene or chlorosulfonated polyethylene jacket.

JAS Jet aircraft servicing: four rubber insulated conductors, two conductors Navy size 250, two conductors Navy size 6, reinforced polychloroprene jacket.

MCSF-4 Multiple conductor, acoustic minesweeping, power: two American Wire Gauge (AWG) 6 and two AWG 1 conductors, rubber insulation, reinforced polychloroprene jacket.

MSP Multiple conductor: fifty-nine conductors, sixteen AWG 22 having fluorocarbon insulation and a braided copper shield, eighteen AWG 20 having polyvinyl chloride insulation and a braided copper shield (nine singles, one triad and three pairs, each shielded), twenty-five Navy size 3 having polyvinyl insulation (eight pairs and three triads, each shielded), polychloroprene jacket.

MSPW Multiple conductor: fifty-nine conductors; sixteen AWG 22 having fluorocarbon insulation and a braided copper shield, eighteen AWG 20 having polyvinyl chloride insulation and a braided copper shield (nine singles, one triad and three pairs, each shielded), twenty-five Navy size 3 having polyvinyl insulation (eight pairs and three triads, each shielded), polychloroprene jacket, watertight.

MWF Multiple conductor: rubber or cross-linked polyethylene insulation, arctic type neoprene jacket.

S2S Two conductors, shielded: cross-linked polyethylene insulations, braided shield, rubber insulation over shield, outer-braided shield; reinforced rubber, insulated, arctic type polychloroprene jacket.

THOF Three conductors, heat and oil resistant, flexible: synthetic rubber insulation standard thermoplastic jacket on THOF-42, and polychloroprene jacket on THOF-400 and THOF- 500.

TRF Single conductor, flexible: rubber insulation, polychloroprene jacket. TPUM-6 Telephone, portable, multiple conductor: copper-clad steel conductors, polypropylene

insulation, six pairs cabled, polyurethane jacket applied in two layers. TRXF Single conductor: polychloroprene jacket. TSP Twisted pairs: polyvinyl chloride insulated, special thermoplastic jacket, watertight,

unarmored. TSPA Twisted pairs: polyvinyl chloride insulated, special thermoplastic jacket, watertight,

armored.

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Table 1-8.—Types and Construction/Description of Shipboard Cable—Continued

TSS Three conductors, special purpose, shielded: rubber insulation, overall braided shield, polychloroprene or chlorosulfonated polyethylene jacket.

1SWF Singles, shielded: polyethylene insulation, braided shield on each conductor, arctic type polychloroprene jacket.

2SWF Pairs, shielded, watertight, flexible: polyethylene insulation, braided shield over each pair, arctic type polychloroprene jacket.

5SS Five conductors, shielded, sonar: rubber insulation, braided shield on one conductor only, and a braided shield over the assembled five conductors, polychloroprene jacket overall.

7SS Seven conductors, shieled: rubber insulation, overall braided shield, polychloroprene or chlorosulfonated polyethylene jacket.

Table 1-9.—Shipboard Cable Application Data

Cable type 2 Application

Non-flexing service

Repeated flexing service

Outboard submersible: For hydrophones, transducers, outboard dial telephones, retractable antennae and similar equipment. Types MWF, 1SWF, and 2SWF are for hydrophones, transducers, and telephone lines in the weather. Types 1PR-A20E, 1PR- 16, 7PR-16, 3PR-16, 1Q-16, ITR-16, and 7SPR-16S are only for submarine outboard use.

MSPW TSPA 1PR-A20E 1PR-16 7PR-16 2SPR-16 3PR-16 1Q-16 ITR-16 7SPR-16S

MSP, TSP, 5S5, S2S, DSS, FSS, TSS, MWF, DSWS, MCSF, 1SWF, 2SWF, TPUM

Welding electrode circuit TRF TRXF

Shore-to-ship power THOF-400 THOF-500 Diver's line and telephone DLT 400-Hz aircraft servicing CVSF-4 DC aircraft servicing JAS-250 1/ The order of listing of cables for general application data has no significant meaning for their usage. 2/ Many cables are manufactured in variations of armored, unarmored, and unarmored with overall shielding.

Table 1-10 provides data on the allowable temperature ratings and current-carrying capacities (in amperes) of some single copper conductors in free air at a maximum ambient temperature of 86º F (30º C). With temperatures greater than 86º F, the current-carrying capacity would be less.

1-60

Table 1-10.—Current-Carrying Capacities (in Amperes) of Some Single Copper Conductors at 30º C

Size Moisture Resistant Rubber or Thermoplastic

Varnished Cambric or Heat Resistant Thermoplastic

Silicone Rubber or Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)

Polytetra- Fluoroethylene (Teflon)

0000 300 385 510 850 000 260 330 430 725 00 225 285 370 605 0 195 245 325 545 1 165 210 280 450 2 140 180 240 390 3 120 155 210 335 4 105 135 180 285 6 80 100 135 210 8 55 70 100 115 10 40 55 75 110 12 25 40 55 80 14 20 30 45 60

More information about electrical cable used aboard ship can be found in NEETS, Module 4, Introduction to Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques, and Schematic Reading; Cable Comparison Guide, NAVSEA 0981-052-8090; and Design Data Book, NAVSEA 0902-LP-006-0000, Section DDS- 304-1. Cable supply information can be found in NAVSUP Publication 4400, Afloat Shopping Guide, under federal supply classification (FSC) 6145. Hook-up or chassis wire is covered in Military Specification 76B (MIL-W-76B). Table 1-11 shows the current-carrying capacity or AMPACITY of equipment hook-up wire.

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Table 1-11.—Current-Carrying Capacity of Equipment Hook-up Wire—Continued

Maximum Current in Amperes

Wire Size Copper Wire Aluminum Wire

AWG Circular Mils

Copper Conductor (100°C) Nominal Resistance (Ohms/1000 ft)

Wiring in Free Air

Wiring Confined

Wiring in Free Air

Wiring Confined

32 63.2 188.0 0.53 0.32 30 100.5 116.0 0.86 0.52 28 159.8 72.0 1.4 0.83 26 254.1 45.2 2.2 1.3 24 404.0 28.4 3.5 2.1 22 642.4 22.0 7.0 5.0 20 1022 13.7 11.0 7.5 18 1624 6.50 16 10 16 2583 5.15 22 13 14 4107 3.20 32 17 12 6530 2.02 41 23 10 10 380 1.31 55 33 8 16 510 0.734 73 46 60 38 6 26 250 0.459 101 60 83 50 4 41 740 0.290 135 80 108 66 2 66 370 0.185 181 100 152 82 1 93 690 0.151 211 125 174 105 0 105 000 0.117 245 150 202 123 00 133 100 0.092 283 175 235 145 000 167 800 0.074 328 200 266 162 0000 211 600 0.059 380 225 303 190

Table 1-12 lists the preferred general purpose rf cable selected by the armed services as the most satisfactory types to be used in electronics equipment.

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Table 1-12.—Preferred General Purpose RF Cable

Jan Type Overall Diameter (ins)

Impedance (OHMS)

Operating Voltage (Volts

RMS)

Remarks

RG-11A/U 0.412 75.0 5,000 Medium size, flexible video cable RG-12A/U 0.475 75.0 5,000 Same as RE-11A/U, armored RG-34B/U 0.630 75.0 6,500 Large size, high power, low

attenuation, flexible RG-35B/U 0.945 75.0 10,000 Large size, high power, low

attenuation, video and communications, armored

RG-55B/U 0.206 53.0 1,900 Small size, double braid RG-58C/U 0.195 50.0 1,900 Small size, flexible RG-59B/U 0.242 75.0 2,300 Small size, video RG-84A/U 1.000 75.0 10,000 Same as RG-35B/U, except with lead

sheath vice armor for underground installation

RG-85A/U 1.565 75.0 10,000 Same as RG-84A/U except with special armor

RG-164/U 0.870 75.0 10,000 Same as RG-35B/U except no armor RG-212/U 0.332 50.0 3,000 Wave, formerly RG-5B/U RG-213/U 0.405 50.0 5,000 Medium size, flexible, formerly RG-

8A/U RG-214/U 0.425 50.0 5,000 Medium size, double braid, flexible,

formerly RG-9B/U RG-215/U 0.475 50.0 15,000 Same as RG-214/U but armored.

Formerly RG-10A/U RG-216/U 0.425 75.0 5,000 Medium size, flexible video and

communication, formerly RG- 13A/U

RG-217/U 0.545 50.0 7,000 Medium size, power transmission line, formerly RG-14A/U

RG-218/U 0.870 50.0 11,000 Large size, low attenuation, high power transmission line, formerly RG-17A/U

RG-219/U 0.945 50.0 11,000 Same as RG-218/U, but armored, formerly RG-18A/U

RG-220/U 1.120 50.0 14,000 Very large, low attenuation, high power transmission line, formerly RG-19A/U

RG-221/U 1.195 50.0 14,000 Same as RG-220/U but armored, formerly RG-20A/U

RG-223/U 0.216 50.0 1,900 Small size, double braid, formerly RG-55A/U

RG-224/U 0.615 50.0 7,000 Same as RG-217/U but armored.

Specifications on special types of rf cable can be found in the Military Standardization Handbook 216 (MIL-HDBK-216).

1-63

Connectors

General purpose connectors and rf connectors are covered in this section. We'll cover the general purpose connectors first.

General purpose connectors were formerly designated with the prefix "AN." You may find older connectors with this prefix. The superseding connector has the same part number except the "AN" has been replaced by "MS." Table 1-13 shows the method used to break down a connector for identification. This breakdown is for MIL-C-5015 connectors. Identification breakdown for other MIL-C connectors can be found in Naval Shore Electronics Criteria, Installation Standards and Practices, NAVELEX 0280- LP-900-8000.

1-64

Table 1-13.—MS Connector Identification

1-65

Supply information on connectors can be found in NAVSUP Publication 4400, Afloat Shopping Guide, under federal supply classification (FSC) 5935.

Insert arrangements for MS type connectors, MIL-C-5015, are shown in figure 1-23. Alternate positions of connector inserts are shown in figure 1-24.

Figure 1-23.—Insert arrangements type connectors, MIL-C-5015.

1-66

Figure 1-23.—Insert arrangements type connectors, MIL-C-5015. —Continued.

1-67

Figure 1-24.—Alternate positions of connector inserts.

MIL-C-5015, MIL-C-26482, and MIL-C-26500 connectors are designated with an MS number such as MS3101. MIL-C-81511, MIL-C-83723, and other later specifications identify the connector by the specification number, a slash, and the connector number. For example: MIL-C-81511/3.

Rf connectors and coaxial cable assemblies are used to carry radio frequency (rf) power from one point to another with a known rate of loss. Rf connectors are available as plugs, jacks, panel jacks, and receptacles. Plugs and jacks are attached to the ends of coaxial cables; panel jacks and receptacles are mounted to panels and chassis.

Baby N connector (BNC) series connectors are small, lightweight, and feature a quick connect/disconnect, bayonet-lock coupling. The connectors use small rf cables such as RG-58/U or RG- 59/U and operate up to peak voltages of 500 volts. Manufacture is under Military Specification C-3608A (MIL-C-3608A). Figure 1-25 shows three typical BNC connectors. Figure 1-26 shows you how to attach BNC connectors to coaxial cable. Table 1-14 indicates which BNC connector to use with what coaxial cable type.

1-68

Figure 1-25.—Typical BNC connectors.

Figure 1-26.—Attaching BNC connectors to coaxial cable.

1-69

Table 1-14.—BNC Series Connectors with Associated Cables

Plug Jack Panel Jack For Use With Cable Types Improved Version: UG-88E/U UG-89C/U UG-291C/U RG-55/U, 58/U and 223/U UG-260D/U UG-261C/U UG-262C/U RG-59/U, 62/U and 71/U Captivated Contact Version (Amphenol): 31-301 31-302 31-300 RG-55/U, 58/U, 141/U and 142/U 31-304 31-305 31-303 Rg-59/U, 62/U, 71/U and 140/U

HN series connectors have a 50-ohm impedance and threaded coupling connectors designed for high-voltage applications. These connectors are weatherproof. The frequency range is 0-4 gigahertz. The HN series is used with medium size coaxial cable such as RG-8/U, RG-9/U, RG-87/U, RG-213/U, RG- 214/U, and RG-225/U. Figure 1-27 shows three typical HN connectors. Figure 1-28 shows how HN connectors are attached to coaxial cable. Table 1-15 indicates which HN connector to use with what coaxial cable type.

N series connectors are low-voltage, 50-ohm, threaded coupling connectors designed for use with small and medium size rf cable. They have a 1,000 volts peak rating and are weatherproof. There is a group of N series connectors that are 70 ohms and are numbered UG-98A/U and UG-96A/U. These 70- ohm N connectors are designed for cables such as RG-61C, RG-11/U, and RG-13/U. The 70-ohm connectors will not mate with 50-ohm connectors of this series. Figure 1-29 shows three typical N series connectors. Figure 1-30 illustrates the method used to attach N connectors to coaxial cable. Table 1-16 shows which N connector to use with what rf cable type.

Figure 1-27.—Typical HN connectors.

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Figure 1-28.—Attaching HN connectors to coaxial cable.

Table 1-15.—HN Series Connectors with Associated Cables

Plug Jack Panel Jack For Use With Cable Types

*UG-59E/U *UG-60E/U *UG-61E/U RG8/U, 9/U, **UG-1213/U **UG-1214/U **UG-1215/U 213/U and 214/U

Improved Version; **Captivated Contact Version

C series connectors are weatherproof, quick-connect/disconnect, bayonet-locking type connectors. They are used with medium size cables, such as RG-5/U, RG-8/U, and RG-9/U. They operate up to a peak of 1,000 volts and at frequencies up to 10 gigahertz. Their impedance is 50 ohms. Figure 1-31 shows three typical C series connectors. Figure 1-32 shows you how to attach the C series connectors to a coaxial cable.

1-71

Figure 1-29.—Typical N connectors.

Figure 1-30.—Attaching N connectors to coaxial cable.

1-72

Table 1-16.—N Series Connectors with Associated Cables

Plug Jack Panel Jack For Use With Cable Types

Improved Version: UG-18D/U UG-20D/U UG-19D/U RG-5/U, 6/U, 21/U and

212/U UG-21E/U UG-594A/U

UG-23E/U UG-23E/U UG-160D/U

RG-8/U, 9/U, 213/U and 214/U

UG-536B/U RG-55/U and 58/U Captivated Contact Version: UG-1185/U UG-1186/U UG-1187/U RG-8/U,9/U,213/

U AND 214/U

Figure 1-31.—Typical C connectors.

1-73

Figure 1-32.—Attaching C connectors to coaxial cable.

Table 1-17.—C Series Connectors with Associated Cables

Plug Jack Panel Jack For Use With Cable Types

UG-573B/U UG-701B/U

UG-572A/U UG-570A/U UG-571A/U

RG-8/U, 9/U, 213/U and 214/U

UG-626B/U UG-633A/U UG-629A/U UG-630A/U

RG-5/U, 6/U, and 212/U

UG-707A/U RG-14/U and 217/U

You can find more information on rf connectors in Military Handbook 216 (MIL-HDBK-216).

1-74

Insulation, Heat Shrinkable Sleeving (Shrink, Tubing), and Cable Straps

Heat shrinkable sleeving is intended for use as a snug-fitting electrical insulator. It is used to insulate wire bundles, splices, bus bars, connectors, terminals, metal, or fibrous tubing. It is also used as extra insulation over hotspot areas and as a cable blast shield in rocket launchings. Heat shrinkable sleeving is found under Military Specification I-23053C (MIL-1-23053C). Part numbers under this military specification are coded as follows:

Color code designations are:

DESIGNATOR COLOR DESIGNATOR COLOR

0 Black 7 Violet (Purple) 1 Brown 8 Gray (Slate) 2 Red 9 White 3 Orange C Clear 4 Yellow P Pink 5 Green T Tan 6 Blue

The particular uses for heat shrinkable sleeving depend on the specific properties described by the individual specification sheet. Intended uses are indicated below:

1-75

Military Part Number

M23053/1: Intended for use on heavy duty cables or harness systems such as ground support. /2 and /3: Used for light-duty harnessing or wire bundling.

/4: Used for one-step potting, encapsulation, or moisture sealing and corrosion protection of electrical components or terminations.

/5: Used for light-duty harness jackets, wire color coding, marking, or identification. /6: Used for wire identification, marking, or strain relief. /7: Used for light-duty wire identification and component covering. /8: Used for wire or termination strain relief at elevated temperatures. /9: Canceled.

/10: Used for high-or low-temperature applications or where resistance to melting in high-blast flame is required.

/11: Used where strain relief is necessary at high temperatures. /12: Used at high temperatures where resistance to flame is important to protect high-

temperature cable, components, and terminations. /13: Used in elevated-temperature applications or where exposure to elevated-temperature

solvents is expected. /14: Used as component and electronic lead strain relief where low expansion ratios are

satisfactory. Operates over a fairly wide temperature range. /15: Used for repair of heavy duty cables and splice covers. /16 Used on heavy duty cables or harness systems that are subjected to high levels of physical

abuse and exposure to fuels and oils coupled with high-and low- temperature extremes.

Tables 1-18 and 1-19 provide part numbers for two types of shrinkable tubing, M23053/5 and M23053/4. These were chosen because of their wide range of sizes (M23053/5) and their abilities to provide potting, encapsulating, or moisture sealing of electrical components (M23053/4).

Table 1-18.—Shrinkable Tubing Part Numbers

As supplied After unrestricted shrinkage

Military

Part Number I.D. min. I. D. max.

Class 1 Inches Inches M23053/5-101-* .046 .023 M23053/5-102-* .063 .031 M23053/5-103-* .093 .046 M23053/5-104-* .125 .062 M23053/5-105-* .187 .093 M23053/5-106-* .250 .125 M23053/5-107-* .375 .187 M23053/5-108-* .500 .250 M23053/5-109-* .750 .375 M23053/5-110-* 1.000 .500 M23053/5-111-* 1.500 .750 M23053/5-112-* 2.000 1.000 M23053/5-113-* 3.000 1.500 M23053/5-114-* 4.000

2.000

* Asterisk in the part number shall be replaced by color code designations.

1-76

Table 1-19.—Shrinkable Tubing Part Numbers

As supplied After unrestricted

shrinkage

Military

Part Number

I.D. min. I.D. max.

Class 1 Inches Inches M23053/4-101-* .125 .023 M23053/4-102-* .187 .060 M23053/4-103-* .250 .080 M23053/4-104-* .375 .135 M23053/4-105-* .500 .195 M23053/4-106-* .750 .313 M23053/4-107-* 1.000 .400 M23053/4-108-* .300 .050 Class 2 M23053/4-201-* .238 .125 M23053/4-202-* .355 .187 M23053/4-203-* .475 .250 M23053/4-204-* .712 .375 M23053/4-205-* .950 .500 M23053/4-206-* 1.425

.750

Class 1 = Semi-rigid, flame retardant Class 2 = Flexible, flame retardant * Asterisk in the part number shall be replaced by color code designations.

When ordering, you should replace the asterisk (*) in the part number with the color code designation.

For example: The part number for M23053/4, one-half inch, class 1, black shrinkable tubing would be M23053/4-105-0.

1-77

Table 1-20 provides data on adjustable nylon cable straps. These straps are adjustable only in one direction. They are not designed to be loosened.

Table 1-20.—Adjustable Nylon Cable Strap Data

Fuses and Circuit Breakers

New type military fuse designations can be identified by using table 1-21. Old style military fuse designations can be identified by using table 1-22.

1-78

Table 1-21.—New Style Military Fuse Identification

Table 1-22.—Old Style Military Fuse Identification

1-79

Commercial fuse identification and a fuse cross-reference can be found in NEETS, Module 3, Introduction to Circuit Protection, Control, and Measurement; and in Military Standard 1360A (MIL- STD-1360A). These will assist you in selecting or identifying fuses.

Circuit breakers are too numerous to cover in this text. They are used in houses, vehicles, ships, and airplanes. Military Standard 1498 (MIL-STD-1498) contains information to help you select or identify circuit breakers.

Classification of Rf Emissions

The system of designating rf emissions is arranged according to modulation type, mode, and supplementary characteristics. For example: A3B indicates amplitude modulation, telephony, two independent sidebands, and a suppressed carrier. Table 1-23 will assist you in breaking down the emission classification code.

Table 1-23.—Emission Types

Emission Type Modulation Types Amplitude A Frequency F Pulse P Modulation (Transmission Mode) None 0 Telegraphy (keyed r-f carrier) 1 Telegraphy (tone) 2 Telephony 3 Facsimile 4 Television 5 Four Channel Diplex Telegraphy 6 Multichannel Voice Frequency Telegraphy Complex Forms

7

Supplemental Characteristics Double Sideband none Single Sideband -reduced carrier A -full carrier H -suppressed carrier J Two Independent Sidebands -suppressed carrier B Vestigial Sideband Pulse C -amplitude modulated D -width modulated E -phase modulated F -code modulated G *Capital or lower case letter **Commercial practice is to reduce carrier 20 dB, to provide sufficient carrier for receiver afc lock-in, where afs receivers are used. Note: a number preceding the emission designation indicates the bandwidth in kilohertz.

1-80

Conversion and Equivalent Tables

Table 1-24 provides the multiplying factors necessary to convert from one unit of measure to another and vice versa.

Table 1-24.—Conversion Chart

To Convert

To

Multiply By

Conversely, Multiply By

Acres Square feet 4.356 x 104 2.296 х 10-5 Acres Square meters 4047 2.471 х 10-4 Ampere-hour Coulombs 3600 2.778 х 10-4 Amperes Microamperes 1,000,000 0.000,001 Amperes Milliamperes 1,000 0.001 Amperes per sq cm Amperes per sq in 6.452 0.1550 Amperes-turns Gilberts 1.257 0.7958 Amperes-turns per cm Amperes-turns per inch 2.540 0.3937 Amperes-turns per cm Oersteds 1.257 0.7958 Ampere-turns per in Oersteds 0.495 2.02 Ampere-turns per meter Oersteds .01257 79.58 Ampere-turns per weber Gilberts per maxwell 1.257 х 10-8 7.958 х 107 Atmospheres MM of mercury at 0º C 760 1.316 х 10-8 Atmospheres Feet of water at 4º C 33.90 2.950 х 10-2 Atmospheres Inches of mercury at 0º C 29.92 3.342 х 10-2 Atmospheres Kilograms per sq meter 1.033 х 104 9.678 х 10–5 Atmospheres Pounds per sq inch 14.70 6.804 х 10-2 BTU Foot-pounds 778.3 1.285 х 10-3 BTU Joules 1054.8 9.480 х 10-4 BTU Kilogram-calories 0.2520 3.969 BTU per hour Horsepower-hours 3.929 х 10–4 2545 Bushels Cubic feet 1.2445 0.8036 Celsius (Centigrade) deg Fahrenheit deg (º C х 9/5) + 32 (º F - 32) х 5/9 Circular Mils Sq centimeters 5.067 х 10-6 1.973 х 105 Circular mils Square mils 0.7854 1.273 Cubic feet Cords 7.8125 х 10-3 128 Cubic feet Gallons (liquid US) 7.481 0.1337 Cubic feet Liters 28.32 3.531 х 10-2 Cubic inches Cubic centimeters 16.39 6.102 х 10-2 Cubic inches Cubic feet 5.787 х 10-4 1728 Cubic inches Cubic meters 1.639 х 10-5 6.102 х 10-4 Cubic inches Gallons (liquid US) 4.329 х 10-3 231 Cubic meters Cubic feet 35.31 2.832 х 10-2 Cubic meters Cubic yards 1.381 0.7646 Degrees (angle) Radians 1.745 х 10-2 57.30 Dynes Pounds 2.248 х 10-6 4.448 х 105 Ergs Foot-pounds 7.367 х 10-8 1.356 х 107 Fards Microtarads 1,000,000 0.000,001 Farads Picofarads 1,000,000,000,000 0.000,000,000,001 Fathoms Feet 6 0.16666

1-81

Table 1-24.—Conversion Chart—Continued

To Convert

To

Multiply By

Conversely, Multiply By

Feet Centimeters 30.48 3.281 х 10-2 Feet Varas 0.3594 2.782 Feet of water at 4º C Inches of mercury at 0º C 0.8826 1.133 Feet of water at 4º C Kilograms per sq meter 304.8 3.281 х 10-3 Feet of water at 4º C Pounds per sq foot 62.43 1.602 х 10-2 Foot-pounds Horsepower-hours 5.050 х 10 –7 1.98 х 10-6 Foot-pounds Kilogram-meters 0.1383 7.233 Foot-pounds Kilowatt-hours 3.766 х 10-7 2.655 х 106 Gallons Cubic meters 3.785 х 10-8 264.2 Gallons (liquid US) Gallons (liquid Br Imp) 0.8327 1.201 Gausses Lines per sq inch 6.452 0.1550 Gilberts per cm Oersteds 1 1 Grains (for humidity calculations)

Pounds (avoirdupois) 1.429 х 10-4 7000

Grams Dynes 980.7 1.020 х 10-3 Grams Grains 15.43 6.481 х 10-2 Grams Ounces (avoirdupois) 3.527 х 10-2 28.35 Grams Poundals 7.093 х 10-2 14.10 Grams per cm Pounds per inch 5.600 х 10–3 178.6 Grams per cu cm Pounds per cu in 3.613 х 10-3 27.68 Grams per sq cm Pounds per sq ft 2.0481 0.4883 Hectares Acres 2.471 0.4047 Henrys Microhenrys 1,000,000 0.000,001 Henrys Millihenrys 1000 0.001 Henrys per meter Gausses per Oersted 7.958 х 105 1.257 х 10–6 Horsepower (boiler) BTU per hour 3.347 х 104 2.986 х 10-5 Horsepower (metric) (542.5 ft-lb per sec)

BTU per minute 41.83 2.390 х 10-2

Horsepower (metric) (542.5 ft-lb per sec)

Ft-lb per minute 3.255 х 104 3.072 х 10-5

Horsepower (metric) (542.5 ft-lb per sec)

Kilogram-calories per min

10.54 9.485 х 10-2

Horsepower (550 ft-lb per sec)

BTU per minute 42.41 2.357 х 10-2

Horsepower (550 ft-lb per sec)

Ft-lb per minute 3.3 х 104 3.030 х 10-5

Horsepower (550 ft-lb per sec)

Kilowatts 0.745 1.342

Horsepower (550 ft-lb per sec)

Watts 746 1.342 х 10-3

Horsepower (metric) (542.5 ft-lb per sec)

Horsepower (550 ft-lb per sec)

0.9863 1.014

Horsepower (550 ft-lb per sec)

Kilogram-calories per min 10.69 9.355 х 10-2

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Table 1-24.—Conversion Chart—Continued

To Convert

To

Multiply By

Conversely, Multiply By

Inches Centimeters 2.540 3.3937 Inches Feet 8.33 х 10-2 12 Inches Miles 1.578 х 10-5 6.336 х 104 Inches Mil 1000 0.001 Inches Yards 2.778 х 10-2 36 Inches of mercury at 0º C Pounds per sq inch 0.4912 2.036 Inches of water at 4º C Kilograms per sq meter 25.40 3.937 х 10-2 Inches of water at 4º C Ounces per sq inch 0.5782 1.729 Inches of water at 4º C Pounds per sq foot 5.202 0.1922 Inches of water at 4º C Inches of mercury 7.355 х 10-2 13.60 Joules Foot-pounds 0.7376 1.356 Joules Ergs 10 7 10-3 Kilogram-calories Kilogram-meters 426.9 2.343 х 103 Kilogram-calories Kilojoules 4.186 0.2389 Kilograms Tons, long

(avdp 2240 lb) 9.842 х 10-4 1016

Kilograms Tons, short (avdp 2000 lb)

1.102 х 10-8 907.2

Kilograms Pounds (avoirdupois) 2.205 0.4536 Kilograms per sq meter Pounds per sq foot 0.2048 4.882 Kilometers Feet 3281 3.048 х 10-4 Kilovolts Volts 1000 0.001 Kilowatt-hours BTU 3413 2.930 х 10-4 Kilowatt-hours Foot-pounds 2.655 х 106 3.766 х 10-7 Kilowatt-hours Joules 3.6 х 107 2.778 х 10-7 Kilowatt-hours Kilogram-calories 860 1.163 х 10-3 Kilowatt-hours Kilogram-meters 3.671 х 105 2.724 х 10-7 Kilowatt-hours Pounds carbon oxidized 0.235 4.26 Kilowatt-hours Pounds water evaporated

from and at 212º F 3.53 0.283

Kilowatt-hours Pounds water raised from 32º to 212º F

24.52 4.078 х 10-2

Kilowatts Watts 1000 0.001 Leagues Miles 2.635 0.3795 Lines per inch 2 Gausses 0.1550 6.452 Liters Bushels (dry, US) 2.838 х 10-2 35.24 Liters Cubic Centimeters 1000 0.001 Liters Cubic meters 0.001 1000 Liters Cubic inches 61.02 1.639 х 10-2 Liters Gallons (liq US) 0.2642 3.785 Liters Pints (liq US) 2.113 0.4732 Log N Log 10N 0.4343 2.303 Lumens per sq ft Foot-candles 1 1 Lux Foot-candles 0.0929 10.764 Maxwells Lines 1 1 Maxwells Webers 10-2 108

1-83

Table 1-24.—Conversion Chart—Continued

To Convert

To

Multiply By

Conversely, Multiply By

Maxwells per cm2 Gausses 1 1 Meters Yards 1.094 0.9144 Meters Varas 1.179 0.848 Meters per min *Knots (naut mi per hour) 30.866 30.866 Meters per min Feet per minute 3.281 0.3048 Meters per min Kilometers per hour 0.06 16.67 Mhos Micromhos 1,000,000 0.000,001 Microhms per cm cube Microhms per inch cubs 0.3937 2.540 Miles (nautical Feet 6076.103 1.645 х 10-4 Miles (nautical) Kilometers 1.852 0.5396 Miles (statute) Kilometers 1.609 0.6214 Miles (statute) *Miles (nautical) 0.8688 1.151 Miles (statute) Fast 5280 1.894 х 10-4 Miles par hour Kilometers per mi 2.682 х 10-2 37.28 Miles per hour Feet per minute 88 1.136 х 10-2 Miles par hour *Knots (naut mi per hr) 0.8688 1.151 Miles per hour Kilometers per hour 1.609 0.6214 Nepers Decibels 8.686 0.1151 Picofarads Microfarads 0.000,001 1,000,000 Pounds of water (dist) Cubic feet 1.603 х 10-2 62.38 Pounds of water (dist) Gallons 0.1198 8.347 Pounds per cu ft Kilograms per cu meter 16.02 6.243 х 10-2 Pounds per cu inch Pounds per cu foot 1728 5.787 х 10-4 Pounds per sq ft Pounds per sq inch 6.944 х 10-3 144 Pounds per sq in Kilograms per sq meter 703.1 1.442 х 10-3 Poundals Dynes 1.383 х 104 7.233 х 10-5 Poundals Pounds (avoirdupois) 3.108 x 10-2 32.17 Radians Mils 103 10-3 Radians Minutes 3.438 x 103 2.909 х 10-4 Radians Seconds 2.06265 х 105 4.848 х 10-6 Slugs Pounds 32.174 3.108 х 10-2 Sq inches Circular mils 1.273 х 106 7.854 х 10-7 Sq inches Sq centimeters 6.452 0.1550 Sq feet Sq meters 9.290 х 10-2 10.76 Sq miles Sq yards 3.098 х 10-6 3.228 х 10-7 Sq miles Acres 640 1.562 х 10-3 Sq miles Sq kilometers 2.590 0.3861 Sq millimeters Circular mils 1973 5.067 х 10-4 Tons, short (avdp 2000 lb)

Tonnes (1000 kg) 0.9072 1.102

Tons, long (avdp 2240 lb) Tonnes (1000 kg) 1.016 0.9842 Tons, long (avdp 2240 lb) Tons, short (avdp 2000 lb) 1.120 0.8929 Tons, (U.S. Shipping) Cubic feet 40 0.025 Watts BTU per minute 5.689 х 10-2 17.58 Watts Ergs per second 107 10-7

1-84

Table 1-24.—Conversion Chart—Continued

To Convert

To

Multiply By

Conversely, Multiply By

Watts Ft-lb per minute 44.26 2.260 х 10-2 Watts Horsepower (550 ft-lb per

sec) 1.341 х 10-3 745.7

Watts Horsepower (metric) (542.5 ft-lb per sec)

1.360 х 10-3 735.5

Watts Kilogram-calories per min 1.433 х 10-2 69.77 Webers Volt-seconds .1 1 Webers per ampere-turn Maxwell per gilbert 7.958 х 10-7 1.257 х 10-8 Webers per Meter2 Gausses 104 10-4

Electrical, Electronic/Logic, and Fiber Optic Symbols.

Figures 1-33, 1-34, and 1-35 contain symbols used in electrical, electronic/logic, and fiber optic circuits.

1-85

Figure 1-33.—Electrical symbols.

1-86

Figure 1-33.—Electrical symbols.—Continued.

1-87

Figure 1-34.—Electronic/logic symbols.

1-88

Figure 1-34.—Electronic/logic symbols.—Continued.

1-89

Figure 1-34.—Electronic/logic symbols.—Continued.

1-90

Figure 1-34.—Electronic/logic symbols.—Continued.

1-91

Figure 1-34.—Electronic/logic symbols.—Continued.

1-92

Figure 1-34.—Electronic/logic symbols.—Continued.

1-93

Figure 1-34.—Electronic/logic symbols.—Continued.

1-94

Figure 1-35.—Fiber optic symbols.

1-95

Figure 1-35.—Fiber optic symbols.—Continued.

Frequency Spectrum Designation

The complete spectrum of communications frequencies is broken down into ranges or bands. The United States practice is to designate a two- or three-letter abbreviation for the name. The practice of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is to designate a number. Table 1-25 shows the bands and their designators. Table 1-26 indicates the frequency spectrum broken down as to usage.

Table 1-25.—Frequency Spectrum

FREQUENCY DESIGNATOR IUT

DESIGNATOR

BELOW 300 Hz ELF (EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY) -- 300 Hz - 3 kHz ILF (INFRA LOW FREQUENCY) SOMETIMES

VF (VOICE FREQUENCY) --

3 kHz - 30 kHz VLF (VERY LOW FREQUENCY) 4 30 kHz - 300 kHz LF (LOW FREQUENCY) 5 300 kHz - 3 MHz MF (MEDIUM FREQUENCY) 6 3 MHz - 30 MHz HF (HIGH FREQUENCY) 7 30 MHz - 300 MHz VHF (VERY HIGH FREQUENCY) 8 300 MHz - 3 GHz UHF (ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY) 9 3 GHz - 30 GHz SHF (SUPERHIGH FREQUENCY) 10 30 GHz - 300 GHz EHF (EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY) 11 300 GHz – 3 THz THF (TREMENDOUSLY HIGH FREQUENCY) 12

1-96

Table 1-26.—Frequency Spectrum Usage

DIVISION RANGE USAGE ELF Long Communication, Navigation,

Experimental ILF Long Communication, Navigation,

Experimental VLF Long Communication, Navigation LF Long Medium Communication, Broadcasting, Navigation MF Medium Communication, Broadcasting,

Navigation HF Long Communication, Broadcasting VHF Communication Television, Radar (Lower) (Upper) Medium Beyond

horizon

UHF Beyond line of sight Communication Line of sight Radar SHF Line of sight Radar, Doppler EHF Line of sight Short-range radar THF Line of sight Experimental

Television Channel Assignments

Table 1-27 lists the VHF and UHF television channel frequencies. The video carrier is 1.25 MHz above the lower channel limit. The sound carrier is .25 MHz below the upper channel limit. For example: Channel 10 sound carrier is 197 MHz, and the video carrier is 193.25 MHz.

1-97

Table 1-27.—Television Channel Frequencies

Channel Band Limits (MHz)

Channel Band Limits (MHz)

2 54-60 43 644-650 3 60-66 44 650-656 4 66-72 45 656-662 5 76-82 46 662-668 6 82-88 47 668-674 7 174-180 48 674-680 8 180-186 49 680-686 9 186-192 50 686-692

10 192-198 51 692-698 11 198-204 52 698-704 12 204-210 53 704-710 13 210-216 54 710-716 14 470-476 55 716-722 15 476-482 56 722-728 16 482-488 57 728-734 17 488-494 58 734-740 18 494-500 59 740-746 19 500-506 60 746-752 20 506-512 61 752-758 21 512-518 62 758-764 22 518-524 63 764-770 23 524-530 64 770-776 24 530-536 65 776-782 25 536-542 66 782-788 26 542-548 67 788-794 27 548-554 68 794-800 28 554-560 69 800-806 29 560-566 70 806-812 30 566-572 71 812-818 31 572-578 72 818-824 32 578-584 73 824-830 33 584-590 74 830-836 34 590-596 75 836-842 35 596-602 76 842-848 36 603-608 77 848-854 37 608-614 78 854-860 38 614-620 79 860-866 39 620-626 80 866-872 40 626-632 81 872-878 41 632-638 82 878-884 42 638-644 83 884-890

1-98

Joint Electronic Type Designation System (JETDS)

This system, formerly known as the Joint Army-Navy (AN) nomenclature system, was designed so that a common designation could be used for all the services' equipment. Figure 1-36 shows you how to identify equipment in the JETDS (AN) System.

Figure 1-36.—Joint Electronics Type Designation System (AN).

Microcircuit Part Numbers.

The military designator for microcircuits is M38510. Table 1-28 shows by example how the military part number M38510/00104BCB is broken down.

1-99

Table 1-28.—Microcircuit Part Number Breakdown

1 2 3 4 5 6 M38510/ 001 04 B C B 1. Military Specification Designator 2. Detail Specification (Group of devices of similar function) 3. Device Type (Specific part type in group) 4. Device Class: Class A - Manual space program Class B - Avionics, space satellites Class C - Prototype, noncritical ground systems 5. Case outline: A--1/4" х 1/4" Flat Pack 14 Pin B--1/4" х 1/8" Flat Pack 14 Pin C--Dip 14 Pin D--1/4" х 3/8" Flat Pack 14 Pin E--Dip 16 Pin F--1/4" х 3/8" Flat Pack 16 Pin G--Can to 99 8 Pin H--1/4" х 1/4" Flat Pack 10 Pin I--Can to 100 10 Pin J--Dip 24 Pin K--3/8" х 5/8" Flat Pack 24 Pin L--3/8" х 1/2" Flat Pack 24 Pin X--To 5 Y--To 3 Z--1/4" х 3/8" Flat Pack 24 Pin 6. Lead finish: A--Hot Solder B--Tin Plate C--Gold Plate

Table 1-29 is a microcircuit-part-number-to-circuit-type crossover list. By using this table and table 1-28, we find our example part number M38510/00104BCB is a 5400 microcircuit type in class B, with 14 pin DIP, and tin plate leads.

1-100

Table 1-29.—Microcircuit Part Numbers to Circuit Type Crossover List

M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type 00101/5430 00102/5420 00103/5410 00104/5400 00105/5404 00106/5412 00107/5401 00108/5405 00109/5403 00201/5472 00202/5473 00203/54107 00204/5476 00205/5474 00206/5470 00207/5479 00301/5440 00302/5437 00303/5438 00401/5402 00402/5423 00403/5425 00404/5427 00501/5450 00502/5451 00503/5453 00504/5454 00601/5482 00602/5483 00603/9304 00604/5480 00701/3121 00701/5486 00801/5406 00802/5416 00803/5407 00804/5417 00805/5426 00901/5495 00902/5496 00903/54164 00904/54165 00905/54194 00906/54195 00909/54198 00910/54166 01001/5442 01002/5443 01003/5444 01004/5445 01005/54145 01006/5446 01007/5447 01008/5448 01009/5449 01101/54181 01101/7181 01101/9341 01101/54182 01102/9342 01201/54121 01202/54122 01203/54123 01204/9601 01205/9602 01301/5492 01302/5493 01303/54160 01304/54163 01305/54162 01306/54161 01307/5490 01308/54192 01309/54193 01310/54196 01311/54197 01312/54177 01401/54150 01402/9312 01403/54153 01404/9309 01405/54157 01405/9322 01406/54151 01501/5475 01502/5477 01503/54116 01503/9308 01504/9314 01601/5408 01602/5409 01701/54174 01702/54175 01703/54173 01801/54170 01901/54180 01902/556 02001/54L30 02002/54L20 02003/54L10 02004/54L00 02005/54L04 02006/54L01 02006/54L03 02101/54L71 02102/54L72 02103/54L73 02104/54L78 02105/54L74 02201/54H72 02202/54H73 02203/54H74 02204/54H76 02205/54H101 02206/54H103 02301/54H30 02302/54H20 02303/54H10 02304/54H00 02305/54H04 02306/54H01 02307/54H22 02401/54H40 02501/54L90 02502/54L93 02503/54L193 02504/93L10 02505/93L16 02601/54L86 02603/7644 02701/54L02 02801/54L95 02802/54L164 02803/93L28 02804/93L00 02805/76L70 02901/54L42 02902/54L43 02903/54L44 02904/54L46 02905/54L47 02906/76L42A 02907/93L01 03001/15930 03001/930 03002/15935 03002/19535 03002/935 03002/940 03003/15936 03003/936 03004/15946 03004/946 03005/15962 03005/962 03101/15932 03102/15944 03103/15957 03104/15958 03105/15933 03201/15951 03301/15945 03302/15948 03303/15950 03304/9094 03501/MH0026 03604/54LS96 04001/54H50 04002/54H51 04003/54H53 04004/54H54 04005/54H55 04101/54L51 04102/54L54 04103/54L55 04201/54L121 04202/54L122 04301/93L18 04401/93L24 04501/93L14 04502/93L08 04601/93L09 04602/93L12 04603/93L22 05001/4011A 05002/4012A 05003/4023A 05101/4013A 05102/4027A 05103/4043A 05201/4000A 05202/4001A 05203/4002A 05204/4025A 05301/4007A 05302/4019A 05303/4030A 05401/4008A 05501/4009A 05502/4010A 05503/4049A 05504/4050A 05505/4041A 05601/4017A 05602/4018A 05603/4020A 05604/4022A 05605/4024A 05701/4006A 05702/4014A 05703/4015A 05704/4021A 05705/4031A 05706/4034A 05801/4016A 05802/4066A 05901/4028A 06001/10501 06002/10502 06003/10505 06004/10506 06005/10507 06006/10509 06101/10531 06102/10531 06103/10576 06104/10535 06201/10504 06202/10597 06301/10524 06302/10525 07001/54S00 07002/54S03 07003/54S04 07004/54S05 07005/54S10 07006/54S20 07007/54S22 07008/54S30 07009/54S133 07010/54S134 07101/54S74 07102/54S112 07103/54S113 07104/54S114 07105/54S174 07106/54S175 07201/54S40 07301/54S02 07401/54S51 07402/54S64 07403/54S65 07501/54S86 07502/54S135 07601/54S194 07602/54S195 07701/54S138 07702/54S139 07703/54S280 07801/54S181 07802/54S182 07901/54S151 07902/54S153 07903/54S157 07904/54S158 07905/54S251 07906/54S257 07907/54S258 07908/54S253 08001/54S11 08002/54S15 08003/54S08 08004/54S09 08101/54S140 08201/54S85

1-101

Table 1-29.—Microcircuit Part Numbers to Circuit Type Crossover List—Continued

M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type 10101/UA741 10101/52741 10101/741 10102/52747 10102/7A747 10102/747 10103/LM101A 10103/52101A 10104/LM108A 10104/52108A 10105/LH2101A 10106/LH2108A 10107/LM118 10108/1558 10201/LM723 10201/UA723 10201/52723 10201/723 10202/LM104 10203/LM105 10301/UA710 10301/52710 10301/710 10302/UA711 10302/52711 10302/711 10303/LM106 10303/52106 10304/LM111 10304/52111 10305/LH2111 10305/LM2111 10401/55107 10402/55108 10403/55114 10403/9614 10404/55115 10404/9615 10405/55113 10406/7831 10407/7832 10501/UA733 10501/52733 10601/LM102 10602/LM110 10602/52110 10603/LH2110 10603/LM2110 10701/LM109 10701/52109 10702/LM141H-05 10703/LM141H-12 10704/LM141H-15 10705/LM141H-24 10706/LM140K-05 10707/LM140K-12 10708/LM140K-15 10709/LM140K-24 10801/3018A 10802/3045 10901/SE555 10901/555 10902/SE556 11001/LM148 11002/LM149 11003/4141 11003/4156 11004/4136 11005/LM124 11101/DG181A 11102/DG182A 11103/DG184A 11104/DG185A 11105/DG187A 11106/DG188A 11107/DG190A 11108/DG191A 11201/LM139 11202/LM193 11301/DAC-08 11302/DAC-08A 11401/LF155 11402/LF156 11403/LF157 11404/LF155A 11405/LF156A 11406/LF157A 11501/LM120H-05 11502/79M05 11502/LM120H-12 11502/79M12 11503/LM120H-15 11503/79M15 11504/LM120H-24 11504/79M24 11505/LM120K-05 11505/7905 11506/LM120K-12 11506/7912 11507/LM120K-15 11507/7915 11508/LM120K-24 11508/7924 11901/061 11902/062 11903/064 11904/LF151 11904/071 11904/771 11905/LF153 11905/072 11905/772 11906/LF147 11906/074 11906/774 15001/5485 15002/9324 15101/5413 15102/5414 15102/7414 15103/54132 15201/54154 15201/9311 15202/54155 15203/54156 15204/8250 15205/8251 15206/8252 15206/9301 15301/54125 15302/54126 15401/54120 15501/MC3101 15501/54H08 15502/MC3106 15502/54H11 15503/MC3111 15503/54H21 15601/54147 15602/54148 15603/9318 15701/9338 15801/9321 15802/9317 15901/9300 15902/9328 16001/9334 16101/5432 16201/5428 16301/54365 16302/54366 16303/54367 16304/54368 20101/MCM5303 20101/54186 20102/MCM5304 20201/IM5603A 20201/IM5603 20201/54S387 20202/IM5623 20301/AM27S10 20301/5300-1 20301/7610 20301/82S126 20301/93417 20302/AM27S11 20302/5301-1 20302/7611 20302/82S129 20302/93427 20401/IM5604 20401/5305-1 20401/7620 20401/82S130 20401/93436 20402/IM5624 20402/5306-1 20402/7621 20402/82S131 20402/93446 20501/HHX7620-8 20502/HMX7621-8 20601/HMX7640-8 20601/5352-1 20601/7642 20601/82S136 20601/93452 20602/HMX7641-8 20602/5353-1 20602/7643 20602/82S137 20602/93453 20603/7644 20701/5330 20701/7602 20701/82S23 20702/5331 20702/7603 20702/82S123 20801/5340-1 20801/7640 20801/82S140 20801/93438 20802/5341-1 20802/7641 20802/82S141 20802/93448 20803/82S115 20804/5348-1 20805/5349-1 20901/7684 20901/82S184 20902/7685 20902/82S185 20903/5380-1 20903/7680 20903/82S180 20903/93450 20904/5381-1 20904/7681 20904/82S181 20904/93451 20905/82S2708 20905/93461 20906/93460 21001/53S1680 21001/76160 21001/82S190 21001/93510 21002/53S1681 21002/76161 21002/82S191 21002/93511 22001/2708 23001/93410 23002/93411 23003/93421 23004/93L420 23101/82S10 23102/82S11 23102/93425 23103/93L415 23104/93L425 23403/54LS244 23501/TMS4060 23502/TMS4050 23503/TMS4060 23504/TMS4050 23505/MM5280 23506/MM5280 23601/MCM6605 23602/MCM6604A 23602/MKB4096 23603/MCM6605 23604/MCM6604A 23604/MKB4096 23701/AM9130CFC 23702/AM9130AFC 23703/AM9130CDM 23703/AM9130CFM 23704/AM9130ADM 23704/AM9130AFM 23705/AM91L30CF 23706/AM91L30AF 23707/AM91L30CDM 23707/AM91L30CFM 23708/AM91L30ADM 23708/AM91L30AFM 23709/AM9140CFC 23710/AM9140AFC 23711/AM9140CDM 23711/AM9140CFM 23712/AM9140ADM 23712/AM9140AFM 23713/AM91L40CFC 23714/AM91L40AFC 23715/AM91L40CDM 23715/AM91L40CFM 23716/AM91L40ADM 23716/AM91L40AFM

1-102

Table 1-29.—Microcircuit Part Numbers to Circuit Type Crossover List—Continued

M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type M38510/Ckt Type 23901/54C929 23901/6508 23902/54C930 23902/6518 24001/2117 24002/2117 24002/4116 30001/54LS00 30002/54LS03 30003/54LS04 30004/54LS05 30005/54LS10 30006/54LS12 30007/54LS20 30008/54LS22 30009/54LS30 30101/54LS73 30102/54LS74 30103/54LS112 30104/54LS113 30105/54LS114 30106/54LS174 30107/54LS175 30108/54LS107 30109/54LS109 30110/54LS76 30201/54LS40 30202/54LS37 30203/54LS38 30204/54LS28 30301/54LS02 30302/54LS27 30303/54LS266 30401/54LS51 30401/9LS51 30402/54LS54 30402/9LS54 30501/54LS32 30502/54LS86 30601/54LS194 30602/54LS195 30603/54LS95 30605/54LS164 30606/54LS295 30607/54LS395 30608/54LS165 30609/54LS166 30701/54LS138 30702/54LS139 30703/54LS42 30704/54LS47 30801/54LS181 30901/54LS151 30902/54LS153 30903/54LS157 30904/54LS158 30905/54LS251 30906/54LS257 30907/54LS258 30908/54LS253 30909/54LS298 31001/54LS11 31002/54LS15 31003/54LS21 31004/54LS08 31005/54LS09 31101/54LS85 31201/54LS83A 31202/54LS283 31301/54LS13 31302/54LS14 31303/54LS132 31401/54LS123 31402/54LS221 31403/54LS122 31501/54LS90 31502/54LS93 31503/54LS160 31504/54LS161 31505/54LS168 31506/54LS169 31507/54LS192 31508/54LS193 31509/54LS191 31510/54LS92 31511/54LS162 31512/54LS163 31513/54LS190 31601/54LS75 31602/54LS279 31603/54LS259 31604/54LS375 31701/54LS124 31702/54LS324 31801/54LS261 31901/54LS670 32001/54LS196 32002/54LS197 32003/54LS290 32004/54LS293 32101/93415 32102/54LS26 32201/54LS365 32202/54LS366 32203/54LS367 32204/54LS368 32301/54LS125 32302/54LS126 32401/54LS240 32402/54LS241 32501/54LS273 32502/54LS373 32503/54LS374 32504/54LS377 32601/54LS155 32602/54LS156 32701/54LS390 32702/54LS393 32703/54LS490 32801/54LS242 32802/54LS243 32803/54LS245 32901/54LS280 33106/25LS174 33107/25LS175 36001/54LS148 36002/54LS348 40001/6800 42001/8080A 42101/54S412 42101/8212 42201/8224 42301/8228 44001/2901A 44101/2905 44102/2906 44103/2907 44104/2915 44105/2916 44106/2917 44201/2918 46001/9900A 47001/1802

You can find more information on microcircuits by referring to Military Specification 38510 (MIL- M-38510), Military Standard 1562D (MIL-STD-1562D), and NEETS, Module 14, Introduction to Microelectronics.

Shipboard Announcing System

Table 1-30 is a breakdown list of the shipboard announcing system matched to the circuit designator.

1-103

Table 1-30.—Shipboard Announcing System

CIRCUIT SYSTEM *1MC General *2MC Propulsion plant *3MC Aviators' 4MC Damage Control

*5MC Flight Deck *6MC Intership 7MC Submarine Control 8MC Troop administration and control

*9MC Underwater troop communication *10MC Dock Control (obsolete)

*11-16MC Turret (obsolescent)

*17MC Double Purpose Battery (obsolescent) 18MC Bridge 19MC Aviation Control

*20MC Combat Information (obsolescent) 21MC Captain's Command 22MC Electronic Control 23MC Electrical control 24MC Flag Command 25MC Ward Room (obsolescent) 26MC Machinery Control 27MC Sonar and Radar Control

*28MC Squadron (obsolescent) *29MC Sonar Control and Information 30MC Special Weapons 31MC Escape trunk 32MC Weapons control 33MC Gunnery Control (obsolescent) 34MC Lifeboat (obsolescent) 35MC Launcher Captains' 36MC Cable Control (obsolete) 37MC Special Navigation (obsolete) 38MC Electrical (obsolete) 39MC Cargo Handling 40MC Flag Administrative 41MC Missile Control and Announce (obsolete) 42MC CIC Coordinating 43MC Unassigned 44MC Instrumentation Space 45MC Research operations

*46MC Aviation Ordnance and Missile Handling 47MC Torpedo Control 48MC Stores conveyor (obsolescent) 49MC Unassigned 50MC Integrated operational intelligence center 51MC Aircraft Maintenance and handling control 52MC Unassigned

1-104

Table 1-30.—Shipboard Announcing System—Continued

CIRCUIT SYSTEM 53MC Ship Administrative 54MC Repair officer's control 55MC Sonar Service 56MC Unassigned 57MC Unassigned 58MC Hanger Deck Damage Control 59MC SAMID Alert

*- Central amplifier systems

Shipboard Alarm and Warning Systems

Table 1-31 is a breakdown list of the shipboard alarm and warning systems matched to a circuit designator.

1-105

Table 1-31.—Shipboard Alarm and Warning System

CIRCUIT SYSTEM BZ Brig cell door alarm and lock operating BW Catapult Bridle Arresterman safety Ind. CX Bacteriological Lab. & Pharmacy Comb. Refer Failure DL Secure communications space door position alarm DW Wrong direction alarm EA Reactor compartment or fireroom emergency alarm 1EC Lubricating oil low pressure alarm-propulsion machinery 2EC Lubricating oil low pressure alarm-auxiliary machinery 1ED Generator high temperature alarm 2ED Oxygen-nitrogen generator plant low temperature alarm EF Generator bearing high temperature alarm EG Propeller pitch control, hydraulic oil system low pressure alarm EH Gas turbine exhaust high temperature alarm EJ Feed pressure alarm 1EK Pneumatic control air pressure alarm 3EK Catapult steam cutoff and alarm EL Radar cooling lines temperature and flow alarm EP Gas turbine lubricating oil high temperature alarm 1EQ Desuperheater high temperature alarm 2EQ Catapult steam trough high temperature alarm 3ES Reactor fill alarm ET Boiler temperature alarm EV Toxic vapor detector alarm 1EW Propulsion engines circulating water high temperature 2EW Auxiliary machinery circulating water high temperature EZ Condenser vacuum alarm F High temperature alarm 4F Combustion gas and smoke detector 9F High temperature alarm system-ASROC launcher 11F FBM storage area temperature and humidity alarm 12F Gyro ovens temperature and power failure alarm FD Flooding alarm FH Sprinkling alarm FR Carbon dioxide release alarm FS Flight Deck Readylight Signal system FZ Security alarm (CLASSIFIED) 4FZ Torpedeo alarm (CLASSIFIED) HF Air flow indicator and alarm LB Steering Emergency Signal system LS Submersible steering gear alarm MG Gas turbine overspeed alarm NE Nuclear facilities air particle detector alarm NH Navigation Horn Operating System

1-106

Table 1-31.—Shipboard Alarm and Warning System—Continued

CIRCUIT SYSTEM QA Air lock warning QD Air filter and flame arrester pressure differential alarm, or

gasoline compartment exhaust blower alarm QX Oxygen-nitrogen plant ventilation exhaust alarm RA Turret emergency alarm RD Safety observer warning RW Rocket and torpedo warning 4SN Scavenging air blower high temperature alarm SP Shaft position alarm TD Liquid level alarm 1TD Boiler water level alarm 2TD Deaerating feed tank water level alarm 5TD Reactor compartment bilge tank alarm 6TD Primary shield tank, expansion tank level alarm 7TD Reactor plant fresh water cooling expansion tank level alarm 8TD Reactor secondary shield tank level alarm 9TD Lubricating oil sump tank liquid level alarm 11TD Induction air sump alarm 12TD Diesel oil sea water compensating system tank liquid level alarm 14TD Auxiliary fresh water tank low level alarm 16TD Pure water storage tank low level alarm 17TD Reserve feed tank alarm 18TD Effluent tanks and contaminated laundry tank high level alarm 19TD Sea water expansion tank low level alarm 20TD Gasoline drain tank high level alarm 21TD Moisture separator drain cooler high level alarm 24TD Reactor plant on board discharge tank level alarm 25TD Crossover drains high level alarm 29TD Sonar dome fill tank low level alarm 30TD JP-5 fuel drain tank high level alarm TW Train Warning system W Whistle Operating System

Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits

Table 1-32 is a breakdown list of the sound-powered telephone circuits matched to circuit designators.

1-107

Table 1-32.—Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits

CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE

JA Captain's battle circuit JC Weapons control circuit 10JC Missile battery control circuit JD Target detectors circuit JF Flag officer's circuit 1JG Aircraft control circuit 2JG Aircraft information circuit 2JG1 Aircraft strike coordination circuit 2JG2 Aircraft strike requirement and reporting circuit 2JG3 Aircraft information circuit CATTC direct line 3JG Aircraft service circuit 4JG1 Aviation fuel and vehicular control circuit 4JG2 Aviation fueling circuit forward 4JG3 Aviation fueling circuit aft 5JG1 Aviation ordnance circuit 5JG2 Aviation missile circuit 6JG Arresting gear and barricade control circuit 9JG Aircraft handling circuit 10JG Airborne aircraft information circuit 11JG Optical landing system control circuit JH Switchboard cross connecting circuit JL Lookouts circuit JK Double purpose fuse circuit JM Mine control circuit JN Illumination control circuit JO Switchboard operators circuit 2JP Dual purpose battery control circuit 4JP Heavy machine gun control circuit 5JP Light machine gun control circuit 6JP Torpedo control circuit 8JP ASW weapon control circuit 9JP Rocket battery control circuit 10JP Guided missile launcher control circuit 3JV Engineer's circuit (boiler) 4JV Engineer's circuit (fuel and stability) 5JV Engineer's circuit (electrical) 6JV Ballast control circuit 11JV Waste control circuit JW Ship control bearing circuit JX Radio and signals circuit 2JZ Damage and stability control 3JZ Main deck repair circuit

1-108

Table 1-32.—Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits—Continued

CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE

4JZ Forward repair circuit 5JZ After repair circuit 6JZ Midships repair circuit 7JZ Engineer's repair circuit 8JZ Flight deck repair circuit 9JZ Magazine sprinkling and ordnance repair circuit forward 10JZ Magazine sprinkling and ordnance repair circuit aft 11JZ Gallery deck and island repair circuit

Table 1-32.—Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits

CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE

Auxiliary Circuits

XJA Auxiliary captain's battle circuit X1JG Auxiliary aircraft control circuit X1JV Auxiliary maneuvering and docking circuit XJX Auxiliary radio and signals circuit X2JZ Auxiliary damage and stability control circuit

Supplementary Circuits X1J Ship administration circuit X2J Leadsman and anchor control circuit X3J Engineer watch officer's circuit X4J Degaussing control circuit X5J Machinery room control circuit X6J1 Electronic service circuit X6J7 ECM service circuit X6J11-14 NTDS service circuits X7J Radio-sonde information circuit 10JP1 Starboard launcher circuit 10JP2 Port launcher circuit 11JP FBM checkout and control circuit JQ Double purpose sight setters circuit JR Debarkation control circuit JS Plotters' transfer switchboard circuit 1JS CIC information circuit 2JS NTDS coordinating circuit No. 1 3JS NTDS coordinating circuit No. 2 20JS1 Evaluated radar information circuit 20JS2 Evaluator's circuit 20JS3 Radar control officer's circuit

1-109

Table 1-32.—Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits—Continued

CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE

SUPPLEMENTARY CIRCUITS (CONTINUED)

20JS4 Weapons liaison officer's circuit 21JS Surface search radar circuit 22JS Long range air search radar circuit 23JS Medium range air search radar circuit 24JS Range height finder radar circuit 25JS AEW radar circuit 26JS Radar information circuit 31JS Track analyzer No. 1 air radar information check 32JS Track analyzer No. 2 air radar information check 33JS Track analyzer No. 3 air radar information check 34JS Track analyzer No. 4 air radar information check 35JS Raid air radar information circuit 36JS Combat air patrol air radar information circuit 61JS Sonar information circuit 80JS ECM plotters' circuit 81JS ECM information circuit 82JS Supplementary radio circuit JT Target designation control circuit 1JV Maneuvering and docking circuit 2JV Engineers' circuit (engines) X8J Replenishment-at-sea circuit X9J Radar trainer circuit X10J Cargo transfer control circuit X10J1 Cargo transfer circuit-Lower decks X10J10 Cargo transfer circuit-Upper decks X11J Captain's and admiral's cruising circuit X12J Capstan control circuits X13J Aircraft crane control circuits X14J Missile handling and nuclear trunk crane circuit X15J SINS information circuit X16J Aircraft elevator circuit X17J 5-inch ammunition hoist circuit X18J Machine gun ammunition hoist circuits X19J Missile component elevator circuit X20J Weapons elevator circuits X21J Catapult circuit X22J Catapult steam control circuit X23J Stores conveyor circuit X24J Cargo elevator circuit X25J Sonar service circuit X26J Jet engine test circuit X28J Dumbwaiter circuit

1-110

Table 1-32.—Sound-Powered Telephone Circuits—Continued

CIRCUIT PRIMARY CIRCUITS TITLE

SUPPLEMENTARY CIRCUITS (CONTINUED)

X29J Timing and recording circuit X34J Alignment cart service circuit X40J Casualty communication circuit X41J Special weapons shop service circuit X42J Missile assembly and handling circuit X43J Weapons system service circuit X44J ASROC service circuit X45J Special weapons security circuit X50J Fog foam circuit X61J Nuclear support facilities operations and handling circuit

Screw, Drill, and Tap Data

Table 1-33 contains machine screw information, such as threads per inch, drill, and tap information.

1-111

Table 1-33.—Screw, Drill, and Tap Data

MACHINE SCREW

THREADS PER INCH

CLEARANCE DRILL

TAP DRILL

NO. DIA. COARSE FINE NO. DIA. NO. DIA.

0 0.060 80 52 0.063 56 0.046 1 0.073 64 72 47 0.078 53 0.059 2 0.086 56 64 42 0.093 50 0.079

48 47 0.079 3 0.099 37 0.104

56 45 0.082 40 43 0.089

4 0.112 31 0.120 48 42 0.093 40 38 0.101

5 0.125 29 0.136 44 37 0.104 32 36 0.107

6 0.138 27 0.144 40 33 0.113 32 29 0.136

8 0.164 18 0.169 36 29 0.136 24 25 0.149

10 0.190 9 .196 32 21 0.159 24 16 0.177

12 0.216 .228 28 14 0.182 20 7 .201

1/4 0.250 17/64 28 3 .213

*Size for use in hand-topping brass or soft steel; for copper, aluminum, bakelite, or similar material use one size larger.

Logarithms, Common

Table 1-34 is a seven-place table of logarithms.

1-112

Table 1-34.—Common Logarithms

N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0000000 0043214 0086002 0128372 0170333 0211893 0253059 0293838 0334238 0374265 11 0413927 0453230 0492180 0530784 0569049 0606978 0644580 0681859 0718820 0755470 12 0791812 0327854 0863598 0899051 0934217 0969100 1003705 1038037 1072100 1105897 13 1139434 1172713 1205739 1238516 1271048 1303338 1335389 1367206 1398791 1430148 14 1461280 1492191 1522883 1553360 1583625 1613680 1643529 1673173 1702617 1731863 15 1760913 1789769 1818436 1846914 1875207 1903317 1931246 1958997 1986571 2013971 16 2041200 2068259 2095150 2121876 2148438 2174839 2201081 2227165 2253093 2278867 17 2304489 2329961 2355284 2380461 2405492 2430380 2455127 2479733 2504200 2528530 18 2552725 2576786 2600714 2624511 2648178 2671717 2695129 2718416 2741578 2764618 19 2787536 2810334 2833012 2855573 2878017 2900346 2922561 2944662 2966652 2988531 20 3010300 3031961 3053514 3074960 3096302 3117539 3138672 3159703 3180633 3201463 21 3222193 3242825 3263359 3283796 3304138 3324385 3324538 3364597 3384565 3404441 22 3424227 3443923 3463530 3483049 3502480 3521825 3541084 3560259 3579348 3598355 23 3617278 3636120 3654880 3673559 3692159 3710679 3729120 3747483 3765770 3783979 24 3802112 3820170 3838154 3856063 3873898 3891661 3909351 3926970 3944517 3961993 25 3979400 3996737 4014005 4031205 4048337 4065402 4082400 4099331 4116197 4132998 26 4149733 4166405 4183013 4199557 4216039 4232459 4248816 4265113 4281348 4297523 27 4313638 4329693 4345689 4361626 4377506 4393327 4409091 4424798 4440448 4456042 28 4471580 4487063 4502491 4517864 4533183 4548449 4563660 4578819 4593925 4608978 29 4623980 4638930 4653829 4668676 4683473 4698220 4712917 4727564 4742163 4756712 30 4771213 4785665 4800069 4814426 4828736 4842998 4857214 4871384 4885507 4899585 31 4913617 4927604 4941546 4955443 4969296 4983106 4996871 5010593 5024271 5037907 32 5051500 5065050 5078559 5092025 5105450 5118834 5132176 5145478 5158738 5171959 33 5185139 5198280 5211381 5224442 5237465 5250448 5263393 5276299 5289167 5301997 34 5314789 5327544 5340261 5352941 5365584 5378191 5390761 5403295 5415792 5428254 35 5440680 5453071 5465427 5477747 5490033 5502284 5514500 5526682 5538830 5505944 36 5563025 5575072 5587086 5599066 5611014 5622929 5634811 5646661 5658478 5670264 37 5682017 5693739 5705429 5717088 5728716 5740313 5751878 5763414 5774918 5786392 38 5797836 5809250 5820634 5831988 5843312 5854607 5865873 5877110 5888317 5899496 39 5910646 5921768 5932861 5943926 5954962 5965971 5976952 5987905 5998831 6009729 40 6020600 6031444 6042261 6053050 6063814 6074550 6085260 605944 6106602 6117233 41 6127839 6138418 6148972 6159501 6170003 6180481 6190933 6201361 6211763 6222140 42 6232493 6242821 6253125 6263404 6273659 6283889 6294096 6304279 6314438 6324573 43 6334685 6344773 6354837 6364879 6374897 6384893 6394865 6404814 6414741 6424645 44 6434527 6444386 6454223 6464037 6473830 6483600 6493349 6503075 6512780 6522463 45 6532125 6541765 6551384 6560982 6570559 6580114 6589648 6599162 6608655 6618127 46 6627578 6637099 6646420 6655810 6665180 6674530 6683859 6693169 6702459 6711728 47 6720979 6730209 6739420 6748611 6757783 6766936 6776070 6785184 6794279 6803355 48 6812412 6821451 6830470 6839471 6848454 6857417 6866363 6875290 6884198 6893089 49 6901961 6910815 6919651 6928469 6937269 6946052 6954817 6963564 6972293 6981005 50 6989700 6998377 7007037 7015680 7024305 7032914 7041505 7050080 7058637 7067178 51 7075702 7084209 7092700 7101174 7109631 7118072 7126497 7134905 7143298 7151674 52 7160033 7168377 7176705 7185017 7193313 7201593 7209857 7218106 7226339 7234557 53 7242759 7250945 7259116 7267272 7275413 7283538 7291648 7299743 7307823 7315888 54 7323938 7331973 7339993 7347998 7355989 7363965 7371926 7379873 7387806 7395723

1-113

Table 1-34.—Common Logarithms—Continued

N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 55 7403627 7411516 7419391 7427251 7435098 7442930 7450748 7458552 7466342 7474118 56 7481980 7489629 7497363 7505084 7512791 7520484 7528164 7535831 7543483 7551123 57 7338749 7566361 7573960 7581546 7589119 7596678 7604225 7611758 7619278 7626786 58 7634280 7641761 7649230 7656686 7664128 7671559 7678976 7686381 7693773 7701153 59 7708520 7715875 7723217 7730547 7737864 7745170 7752463 7759743 7767012 7774268 60 7781513 7788745 7795965 7803173 7810369 7817554 7824726 7831887 7839036 7846173 61 7853298 7860412 7867514 7874605 7881684 7888751 7895807 7901852 7909885 7916906 62 7923917 7930916 7937904 7944880 7951846 7958800 7965743 7972675 7979596 7986506 63 7993405 8000294 8007171 8014037 8020893 8027737 8034571 8041394 8048207 8055009 64 8061800 8068580 8075350 8082110 8088859 8095597 8102325 8109043 8115750 8122447 65 8129134 8135810 8142476 8149132 8155777 8162413 8169038 8175654 8182259 8188854 66 8195439 8202015 8208580 8215135 8221681 8228216 8234742 8241258 8247765 8254261 67 8260748 8267225 8273693 8280151 8286599 8293038 8299467 8305887 8312297 8318698 68 8325089 8331471 8337844 8344207 8350561 8256906 8363241 8369567 8375884 8382192 69 8388491 8394780 8401061 8407332 8413505 8419848 8426092 8432328 8438554 8444772 70 8450980 8457180 8463371 8469553 8475727 8481891 8488047 8494194 8500333 8506462 71 8512583 8518696 8524800 8530895 8536982 8543060 8549130 8555192 8561244 8567289 72 8573325 8579353 8585372 8591383 8597386 8603380 8609366 8615344 8621314 8627275 73 8633229 8639174 8645111 8651040 8656961 8662873 8668778 8674675 8680564 8686444 74 8692317 8698182 8704039 8709888 8715729 8721563 8727388 8733206 8739016 8744818 75 8750613 8756399 8762178 8768950 8773713 8779470 8785218 8790959 8796692 8802418 76 8808136 8813847 8819550 8825245 8830934 8836614 8842288 8847954 8853612 8859263 77 8864907 8870544 8876173 8881795 8887410 8893017 8898617 8904210 8909796 8915375 78 8920946 8926510 8932068 8937618 8943161 8948697 8954225 8959747 8965262 8970770 79 8976271 8981765 8987252 8992732 8998205 9003671 9009131 9014583 9020029 9025468 80 9030900 9036325 9041744 9047155 9052560 9057959 9063350 9068735 9074114 9079485 81 9084850 9090209 9095560 9100905 9106244 9111576 9116902 9122221 9127533 9132839 82 9138139 9143432 9148718 9153998 9159272 9164539 9169800 9175055 9180303 9185545 83 9190781 9196010 9201233 9206450 9211661 9216865 9222063 9227255 9232440 9237620 84 9242793 9247960 9253121 9258276 9263424 9268567 9273704 9278834 9283959 9289077 85 9294189 9299296 9304396 9309490 9314579 9319661 9324738 9329808 9334873 9339932 86 9344985 9350032 9355073 9360108 9365137 9370161 9375179 9380191 9385197 9390198 87 9395193 9400182 9405165 9410142 9415114 9420081 9425041 9429996 9434945 9439889 88 9444827 9449759 9454686 9459607 9464523 9469433 9474337 9479236 9484130 9489018 89 9493900 9498777 9503649 9508515 9513375 9518230 9523080 9527924 9532763 9537597 90 9542425 9547248 9552065 9556878 9561684 9566486 9571282 9576073 9580858 9585639 91 9590414 9595184 9599948 9604708 9609462 9614211 9618955 9623693 9628427 9633155 92 9637878 9642596 9647309 9652017 9656720 9661417 9666110 9670797 9675480 9680157 93 9684829 9689497 9694159 9698816 9703469 9708116 9712758 9717396 9722028 9726656 94 9731279 9735896 9740509 9745117 9749720 9754318 9758911 9763500 9768083 9772662 95 9777236 9781805 9786369 9790929 9795484 9800034 9804579 9809119 9813655 9818186 96 9822712 9827234 9831751 9836263 9840770 9845273 9849771 9854265 9858754 9863238 97 9867717 9872192 9876663 9881128 9885590 9890046 9894498 9898946 9903389 9907827 98 9912261 9916690 9921115 9925535 9929951 9934362 9938769 9943172 9947569 9951963 99 9956352 9960737 9965117 9969492 9973864 9978231 9982593 9986952 9991305 9995655

Trigonometric Functions

Table 1-35 is a table of trigonometric functions.

1-114

Table 1-35.─Trigonometric Functions

deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 0.0 .00000 1.0000 .00000 90.0 4.0 .06976 0.9976 .06993 14.301 86.0 .1 .00175 1.0000 .00175 573.0 .9 .1 .07150 .9974 .07168 13.951 .9 .2 .00349 1.0000 .00349 286.5 .8 .2 .07324 .9973 .07344 13.617 .8 .3 .00524 1.0000 .00524 191.0 .7 .3 .07498 .9972 .17519 13.300 .7 .4 .00698 1.0000 .00698 143.24 .6 .4 .07672 .9971 .07695 12.996 .6 .5 .00873 1.0000 .00873 114.59 .5 .5 .07846 .9969 .07870 12.706 .5 .6 .01047 0.9999 .10147 95.49 .4 .6 .08020 .9968 .08046 12.429 .4 .7 .01222 .9999 .01222 81.85 .3 .7 .08194 .9966 .08221 12.163 .3 .8 .01396 .9999 .01396 71.62 .2 .8 .08368 .9965 .08397 11.909 .2 .9 .01571 .9999 .01571 63.66 .1 .9 .08542 .9963 .08573 11.664 .1

1.0 .01745 0.9998 .01746 57.20 89.0 5.0 .08716 0.9962 .08749 11.430 85.0 .1 .01920 .9998 .01920 52.08 .9 .1 .08889 .9960 .089215 11.205 .9 .2 .02094 .9998 .02095 47.74 .8 .2 .09063 .9959 .09101 10.988 .8 .3 .02269 .9997 .02269 44.07 .7 .3 .09237 .9957 .09277 10.780 .7 .4 .02443 .9997 .02444 40.92 .6 .4 .09411 .9956 .09453 10.579 .6 .5 .02618 .9997 .02619 38.19 .5 .5 .09585 .9954 .09629 10.385 .5 .6 .02792 .9996 .02793 35.80 .4 .6 .09758 .9952 .09805 10.199 .4 .7 .02967 .9996 .02968 33.69 .4 .7 .09932 .9951 .09981 10.019 .3 .8 .03141 .9995 .03143 31.82 .2 .8 .10106 .9949 .10158 9.845 .2 .9 .03316 .9995 .03317 30.14 .1 .9 .10279 .9947 .10334 9.677 .1

2.0 .03490 0.9994 .03492 28.64 88.0 6.0 .10453 0.9945 .10510 9.514 84.0 .1 .03664 .9993 .03667 27.27 .9 .1 .10626 .9943 .10687 9.357 .9 .2 .03839 .9993 .03842 26.03 .8 .2 .10800 .9942 .10863 9.205 .8 .3 .04013 .9992 .04016 24.90 .7 .3 .10973 .9940 .11040 9.058 .7 .4 .04188 .9991 .04191 23.86 .6 .4 .11147 .9938 .11217 8.915 .6 .5 .04362 .9990 .04366 22.90 .5 .5 .11320 .9936 .11394 8.777 .5 .6 .04536 .9990 .04541 22.02 .4 .6 .11494 .9934 .11570 8.643 .4 .7 .04711 .9989 .04716 21.20 .3 .7 .11667 .9932 .11747 8.513 .3 .8 .04885 .9988 .04891 20.45 .2 .8 .11840 .9930 .11924 8.386 .2 .9 .05059 .9987 .05066 19.74 .1 .9 .12014 .9928 .12101 8.264 .1

3.0 .05234 0.9986 .05241 19.081 87.0 7.0 .12187 0.9925 .12278 8.144 83.0 .1 .05408 .9985 .05416 18.464 .9 .1 .12360 .9923 .12456 8.028 .9 .2 .05582 .9984 .05591 17.886 .8 .2 .12533 .9921 .12633 7.916 .8 .3 .05756 .9983 .05766 17.343 .7 .3 .12706 .9919 .12810 7.806 .7 .4 .05931 .9982 .05941 16.832 .6 .4 .12880 .9917 .12988 7.700 .6 .5 .06105 .9981 .06116 16.350 .5 .5 .13053 .9914 .13165 7.596 .5 .6 .06279 .9980 .06291 15.895 .4 .6 .13226 .9912 .13343 7.495 .4 .7 .06453 .9979 .06467 15.464 .3 .7 .13399 .9910 .13521 7.396 .3 .8 .06627 .9978 .06642 15.056 .2 .8 .13572 .9907 .13698 7.300 .2 .9 .06802 .9977 .06817 14.669 .1 .9 .13744 .9905 .13876 7.207 .1

cos sin cot tan deg cos sin cot tan

1-115

Table 1-35.─Trigonometric Functions─Continued

deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 8.0 .13917 0.9903 .14054 7.115 82.0 12.0 0.2079 0.9781 0.2126 4.705 78.0 .1 .14090 .9900 .14232 7.026 .9 .1 .2096 .9778 .2144 4.665 .9 .2 .14263 .9898 .14410 6.940 .8 .2 .2133 .9774 .2162 4.625 .8 .3 .14436 .9895 .14588 6.855 .7 .3 .2130 .9770 .2180 4.586 .7 .4 .14608 .9893 .14767 6.772 .6 .4 .2147 .9767 .2199 4.548 .6 .5 .14781 .9890 .14945 6.691 .5 .5 .2164 .9763 .2217 4.511 .5 .6 .14954 .9888 .15124 6.612 .4 .6 .2181 .9759 .2235 4.474 .4 .7 .15126 .9885 .15302 6.535 .3 .7 .2198 .9755 .2254 4.437 .3 .8 .15299 .9882 .15481 6.460 .2 .8 .2215 .9751 .2272 4.402 .2 .9 .15471 .9880 .15660 6.386 .1 .9 .2233 .9748 .2290 4.366 .1

9.0 .15643 0.9877 .15836 6.314 81.0 13.0 0.2250 0.9744 0.2309 4.331 77.0 .1 .15816 .9874 .16017 6.243 .9 .1 .2267 .9740 .2327 4.297 .9 .2 .15988 .9871 .16196 6.174 .8 .2 .2284 .9736 .2345 4.264 .8 .3 .16160 .9869 .16376 6.107 .7 .3 .2300 .9732 .2364 4.230 .7 .4 .16333 .9866 .16555 6.041 .6 .4 .2317 .9728 .2382 4.198 .6 .5 .16505 .9863 .16734 5.976 .5 .5 .2334 .9724 .2401 4.165 .5 .6 .16677 .9860 .16914 5.912 .4 .6 .2351 .9720 .2419 4.134 .4 .7 .16849 .9857 .17093 5.850 .3 .7 .2368 .9715 .2438 4.102 .3 .8 .17021 .9854 .17273 5.789 .2 .8 .2385 .9711 .2456 4.071 .2 .9 .17193 .9851 .17453 5.730 .1 .9 .2402 .9707 .2475 4.041 .1

10.0 .1736 0.9848 .1763 5.671 80.0 14.0 0.2419 0.9703 0.2493 4.011 76.0

.1 .1754 .9845 .1781 5.614 .9 .1 .2436 .9699 .2512 3.981 .9

.2 .1771 .9842 .1799 5.558 .8 .2 .2453 .9694 .2530 3.952 .8

.3 .1788 .9839 .1817 5.503 .7 .3 .2470 .9680 .2549 3.923 .7

.4 .1805 .9836 .1835 5.449 .6 .4 .2487 .9686 .2568 3.895 .6

.5 .1822 .9833 .1853 5.396 .5 .5 .2504 .9681 .2586 3.867 .5

.6 .1840 .9829 .1871 5.343 .4 .6 .2521 .9677 .2605 3.839 .4

.7 .1857 .9826 .1890 5.292 .3 .7 .2538 .9673 .2623 3.812 .3

.8 .1874 .9823 .1908 5.242 .2 .8 .2554 .9668 .2642 3.785 .2

.9 .1891 .9820 .1926 5.193 .1 .9 .2571 .9664 .2661 3.758 .1

11.0 .1908 0.9816 .1944 5.145 79.0 15.0 0.2588 0.9659 0.2679 3.732 75.0 .1 .1925 .9813 .1962 5.097 .9 .1 .2605 .9655 .2698 3.706 .9 .2 .1942 .9810 .1980 5.050 .8 .2 .2622 .9650 .2717 3.681 .8 .3 .1959 .9806 .1998 5.005 .7 .3 .2639 .9646 .2736 3.655 .7 .4 .1977 .9803 .2016 4.959 .6 .4 .2656 .9641 .2754 3.630 .6 .5 .1994 .9799 .2035 4.915 .5 .5 .2672 .9636 .2773 3.606 .5 .6 .2011 .9796 .2053 4.872 .4 .6 .2689 .9632 .2792 3.582 .4 .7 .2028 .9792 .2071 4.829 .3 .7 .2706 .9627 .2811 3.558 .3 .8 .2045 .9789 .2089 4.787 .2 .8 .2723 .9622 .2830 3.534 .2 .9 .2062 .9785 .2107 4.745 .1 .9 .2740 .9617 .2849 3.511 .2

cos sin cot tan deg cos sin cot tan deg

1-116

Table 1-35.─Trigonometric Functions─Continued

deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 16.0 0.2756 0.9613 0.2867 3.487 74.0 20.0 0.3420 0.9397 0.3640 2.747 70.0

.1 .2773 .9608 .2886 3.465 .9 .1 .3437 .9391 .3659 2.733 .9

.2 .2790 .9603 .2905 3.442 .8 .2 .3453 .9385 .3679 2.718 .8

.3 .2807 .9598 .2924 3.420 .7 .3 .3469 .9379 .3699 2.703 .7

.4 .2823 .9593 .2943 3.398 .6 .4 .3486 .9373 .3719 2.689 .6

.5 .2840 .9588 .2962 3.376 .5 .5 .3502 .9367 .3739 2.675 .5

.6 .2857 .9583 .2981 3.354 .4 .6 .3518 .9361 .3759 2.660 .4

.7 .2874 .9578 .3000 3.333 .3 .7 .3535 .9354 .3779 2.646 .3

.8 .2890 .9573 .3019 3.312 .2 .8 .3551 .9348 .3799 2.633 .2

.9 .2907 .9568 .3038 3.291 .1 .9 .3567 .9342 .3819 2.619 .1

17.0 0.2924 0.9563 0.3067 3.271 73.0 21.0 0.3584 0.9336 0.3839 2.605 69.0 .1 .2940 .9558 .3076 3.271 .9 .1 .3600 .9330 .3859 2.592 .9 .2 .2957 .9553 .3096 3.230 .8 .2 .3616 .9323 .3879 2.578 .8 .3 .2974 .9548 .3115 3.211 .7 .3 .3633 .9317 .3899 2.565 .7 .4 .2990 .9542 .3134 3.191 .6 .4 .3649 .9311 .3919 2.552 .6 .5 .3007 .9537 .3153 3.172 .5 .5 .3665 .9304 .3939 2.539 .5 .6 .3024 .9532 .3172 3.152 .4 .6 .3681 .9298 .3959 2.526 .4 .7 .3040 .9527 .3191 3.133 .3 .7 .3697 .9291 .3979 2.513 .3 .8 .3057 .9521 .3211 3.115 .2 .8 .3714 .9285 .4000 2.500 .2 .9 .3074 .9516 .3230 3.096 .1 .9 .3730 .9278 .4020 2.488 .1

18.0 0.3090 0.9511 0.3249 3.078 72.0 22.0 0.3746 0.9272 0.4040 2.475 68.0

.1 .3107 .9505 .3269 3.060 .9 .1 .3762 .9265 .4061 2.463 .9

.2 .3123 .9500 .3288 3.042 .8 .2 .3778 .9259 .4081 2.450 .8

.3 .3140 .9494 .3307 3.024 .7 .3 .3795 .9252 .4101 2.438 .7

.4 .3156 .9489 .3327 3.006 .6 .4 .3811 .9245 .4122 2.426 .6

.5 .3173 .9483 .3346 2.989 .5 .5 .3727 .9239 .4142 2.414 .5

.6 .3190 .9478 .3365 2.971 .4 .6 .3843 .9232 .4163 2.402 .4

.7 .3206 .9472 .3385 2.954 .3 .7 .3859 .9225 .4183 2.391 .3

.8 .3223 .9466 .3404 2.937 .2 .8 .3875 .9219 .4204 2.379 .2

.9 .3239 .9461 .3424 2.921 .1 .9 .3891 .9212 .4224 2.367 .1

19.0 0.3256 0.9455 0.3443 2.904 71.0 23.0 0.3907 0.9205 0.4245 2.356 67.0 .1 .3272 .9449 .3463 2.888 .9 .1 .3923 .9198 .4265 2.344 .9 .2 .3289 .9444 .3482 2.872 .8 .2 .3939 .9191 .4286 2.333 .8 .3 .3305 .9438 .3502 2.856 .7 .3 .3955 .9184 .4307 2.322 .7 .4 .3322 .9432 .3522 2.840 .6 .4 .3971 .9178 .4327 2.311 .6 .5 .3338 .9426 .3541 2.824 .5 .5 .3987 .9171 .4348 2.300 .5 .6 .3355 .9421 .3561 2.808 .4 .6 .4003 .9164 .4369 2.289 .4 .7 .3371 .9415 .3581 2.793 .3 .7 .4019 .9157 .4390 2.278 .3 .8 .3387 .9409 .3600 2.778 .2 .8 .4035 .9150 .4411 2.267 .2 .9 .3403 .9403 .3620 2.762 .1 .9 .4051 .9143 .4431 2.257 .1

cos sin cot tan deg cos sin cot tan deg

1-117

Table 1-35.─Trigonometric Functions─Continued

deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 24.0 0.4067 0.9135 0.4452 2.246 66.0 28.0 0.4695 0.8829 0.5317 1.881 62.0

.1 .4083 .9128 .4473 2.236 .9 .1 .4710 .8821 .5340 1.873 .9

.2 .4099 .9121 .4494 2.225 .8 .2 .4726 .8813 .5362 1.865 .8

.3 .4115 .9114 .4515 2.215 .7 .3 .4741 .8805 .5384 1.857 .7

.4 .4131 .9107 .4536 2.204 .6 .4 .4756 .8796 .5407 1.849 .6

.5 .4147 .9100 .4557 2.194 .5 .5 .4772 .8788 .5430 1.842 .5

.6 .4163 .9092 .4578 2.184 .4 .6 .4787 .8780 .5452 1.834 .4

.7 .4179 .9085 .4599 2.174 .3 .7 .4802 .8771 .5475 1.827 .3

.8 .4195 .9078 .4621 2.164 .2 .8 .4818 .8763 .5498 1.819 .2

.9 .4210 .9070 .4642 2.154 .1 .9 .4833 .8755 .5520 1.811 .1

25.0 0.4226 0.9063 0.4663 2.145 65.0 29.0 0.4848 0.8746 0.5543 1.804 61.0 .1 .4242 .9056 .4684 2.135 .9 .1 .4863 .8738 .5566 1.797 .9 .2 .4258 .9048 .4706 2.125 .8 .2 .4879 .8729 .5589 1.789 .8 .3 .4274 .9041 .4727 2.116 .7 .3 .4894 .8721 .5612 1.782 .7 .4 .4289 .9033 .4748 2.106 .6 .4 .4909 .8712 .5635 1.775 .6 .5 .4305 .9028 .4770 2.097 .5 .5 .4924 .8704 .5658 1.767 .5 .6 .4321 .9018 .4791 2.087 .4 .6 .4939 .8695 .5681 1.760 .4 .7 .4337 .9011 .4813 2.078 .3 .7 .4955 .8686 .5704 1.753 .3 .8 .4352 .9003 .4834 2.069 .2 .8 .4970 .8678 .5726 1.746 .2 .9 .4368 .8996 .4856 2.059 .1 .9 .4985 .8669 .5750 1.739 .1

26.0 0.4384 0.8988 0.4877 2.050 64.0 30.0 0.5000 0.8660 0.5774 1.7321 60.0

.1 .4399 .8980 .4899 2.041 .9 .1 .5015 .8652 .5797 1.7251 .9

.2 .4415 .8973 .4921 2.032 .8 .2 .5030 .8643 .5820 1.7162 .8

.3 .4431 .8965 .4942 2.023 .7 .3 .5045 .8634 .5844 1.7113 .7

.4 .4446 .8957 .4964 2.014 .6 .4 .5040 .8625 .5867 1.7045 .6

.5 .4462 .8949 .4986 2.006 .5 .5 .5075 .8616 .5890 1.6977 .5

.6 .4478 .8942 .5008 1.997 .4 .6 .5090 .8607 .5914 1.6909 .4

.7 .4493 .8934 .5029 1.988 .3 .7 .5105 .8599 .5938 1.6842 .3

.8 .4509 .8926 .5051 1.980 .2 .8 .5120 .8590 .5961 1.6715 .2

.9 .4524 .8918 .5073 1.971 .1 .9 .5135 .8581 .5985 1.6709 .1 27.0 0.4540 0.8910 0.5095 1.963 63.0 31.0 0.5150 0.8572 0.6009 1.6643 59.0

.1 .4555 .8902 .5117 1.954 .9 .1 .5165 .8643 .6032 1.6577 .9

.2 .4571 .8894 .5139 1.946 .8 .2 .5180 .8554 .6056 1.6512 .8

.3 .4586 .8886 .5161 1.937 .7 .3 .5195 .8545 .6080 1.6447 .7

.4 .4602 .8878 .5184 1.929 .6 .4 .5210 .8536 .6104 1.6383 .6

.5 .4617 .8870 .5206 1.921 .5 .5 .5225 .8526 .6128 1.6319 .5

.6 .4633 .8862 .5228 1.913 .4 .6 .5240 .8517 .6152 1.6255 .4

.7 .4648 .8854 .5250 1.905 .3 .7 .5255 .8508 .6176 1.6191 .3

.8 .4664 .8846 .5272 1.897 .2 .8 .5270 .8499 .6200 1.6128 .2

.9 .4679 .8838 .5295 1.889 .1 .9 .5284 .8490 .6224 1.6066 .1 cos sin cot tan deg cos sin cot tan deg

1-118

Table 1-35.─Trigonometric Functions─Continued

deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 32.0 0.5299 0.8480 0.6249 1.6003 58.0 36.0 .05878 0.8090 0.7265 1.3764 54.0

.1 .5314 .8471 .6273 1.5941 .9 .1 .5892 .8080 .7292 1.3713 .9

.2 .5329 .8462 .6297 1.5880 .8 .2 .5906 .8070 .7319 1.3663 .8

.3 .5344 .8453 .6322 1.5818 .7 .3 .5920 .8059 .7346 1.3613 .7

.4 .5358 .8443 .6346 1.5757 .6 .4 .5934 .8049 .7373 1.3564 .6

.5 .5373 .8434 .6371 1.5697 .5 .5 .5948 .8039 .7400 1.3514 .5

.6 .5388 .8425 .6395 1.5637 .4 .6 .5962 .8028 .7427 1.3465 .4

.7 .5402 .8415 .6420 1.5577 .3 .7 .5976 .8018 .7454 1.3416 .3

.8 .5417 .8406 .6445 1.5517 .2 .8 .5990 .8007 .7481 1.3367 .2

.9 .5432 .8396 .6469 1.5458 .1 .9 .6004 .7997 .7508 1.3319 .1

33.0 0.5446 0.8387 0.6494 1.5399 57.0 37.0 0.6018 0.7986 0.7536 1.3270 53.0 .1 .5461 .8377 .6519 1.5340 .9 .1 .6032 .7976 .7563 1.3222 .9 .2 .5476 .8368 .6544 1.5282 .8 .2 .6046 .7965 .7590 1.3175 .8 .3 .5490 .8358 .6569 1.5224 .7 .3 .6060 .7955 .7518 1.3127 .7 .4 .5505 .8348 .6594 1.5166 .6 .4 .6074 .7944 .7646 1.3079 .6 .5 .5519 .8339 .6619 1.5108 .5 .5 .6088 .7934 .7673 1.3032 .5 .6 .5534 .8329 .6644 1.5051 .4 .6 .6101 .7923 .7701 1.2985 .4 .7 .5548 .8320 .6669 1.4994 .3 .7 .6115 .7912 .7729 1.2938 .3 .8 .5563 .8310 .6694 1.4938 .2 .8 .6129 .7902 .7757 1.2892 .2 .9 .5577 .8300 .6720 1.4882 .1 .9 .6143 .7891 .7785 1.2846 .1

34.0 0.5592 0.8290 0.6745 1.4826 56.0 38.0 0.6157 0.7880 0.7813 1.2799 52.0

.1 .5606 .8281 .6771 1.4770 .9 .1 .6170 .7869 .7841 1.2753 .9

.2 .5621 .8271 .6796 1.4715 .8 .2 .6184 .7859 .7869 1.2708 .8

.3 .5635 .8261 .6822 1.4659 .7 .3 .6198 .7848 .7898 1.2662 .7

.4 .5650 .8251 .6847 1.4605 .6 .4 .6211 .7837 .7926 1.2617 .6

.5 .5664 .8241 .6873 1.4550 .5 .5 .6225 .7826 .7954 1.2572 .5

.6 .5678 .8231 .6899 1.4496 .4 .6 .6239 .7815 .7983 1.2527 .4

.7 .5693 .8221 .6924 1.4442 .3 .7 .6252 .7804 .8012 1.2482 .3

.8 .5707 .8211 .6950 1.4388 .2 .8 .6266 .7793 .8040 1.2437 .2

.9 .5721 .8202 .6970 1.4335 .1 .9 .6280 .7782 .8069 1.2393 .1 35.0 0.5736 0.8192 0.7002 1.4281 55.0 39.0 0.6293 0.7771 0.8098 1.2349 51.0

.1 .5750 .8181 .7028 1.4229 .9 .1 .6307 .7760 .8127 1.2305 .9

.2 .5764 .8171 .7054 1.4176 .8 .2 .6320 .7749 .8156 1.2261 .8

.3 .5779 .8161 .7080 1.4124 .7 .3 .6334 .7738 .8185 1.2218 .7

.4 .5793 .8151 .7107 1.4071 .6 .4 .6347 .7727 .8214 1.2174 .6

.5 .5807 .8141 .7133 1.4019 .5 .5 .6361 .7716 .8243 1.2131 .5

.6 .5821 .8131 .7159 1.3968 .4 .6 .6474 .7705 .8273 1.2088 .4

.7 .5835 .8121 .7186 1.3916 .3 .7 .6388 .7694 .8302 1.2045 .3

.8 .5850 .8111 .7212 1.3865 .2 .8 .6401 .7683 .8332 1.2002 .2

.9 .5864 .8100 .7239 1.3814 .1 .9 .6414 .7672 .8361 1.1960 .1 cos sin cot tan deg cos sin cot tan deg

1-119

Table 1-35.─Trigonometric Functions─Continued

deg sin cos tan cot deg sin cos tan cot 40.0 0.6428 0.7660 0.8291 1.1918 50.0 43.0 0.6820 0.7314 0.9325 1.0724 47.0

.1 .6441 .7649 .8421 1.1875 .9 .1 .6833 .7302 .9358 1.0686 .9

.2 .6455 .7638 .8451 1.1833 .8 .2 .6845 .7290 .9391 1.0649 .8

.3 .6468 .7627 .8481 1.1792 .7 .3 .6858 .7278 .9424 1.0612 .7

.4 .6481 .7615 .8511 1.1750 .6 .4 .6871 .7266 .9457 1.0575 .6

.5 .6494 .7604 .8541 1.1708 .5 .5 .6884 .7254 .9490 1.0538 .5

.6 .6508 .7593 .8571 1.1667 .4 .6 .6896 .7242 .9523 1.0501 .4

.7 .6521 .7581 .8601 1.1626 .3 .7 .6909 .7230 .9556 1.0464 .3

.8 .6534 .7570 .8632 1.1585 .2 .8 .6921 .7218 .9590 1.0428 .2

.9 .6547 .7559 .8662 1.1544 .1 .9 .6934 .7206 .9623 1.0392 .1 41.0 0.6561 0.7547 0.8693 1.1504 49.0 44.0 0.6947 0.7193 0.9657 1.0355 46.0

.1 .6574 .7536 .8724 1.1463 .9 .1 .6959 .7181 .9691 1.0319 .9

.2 .6587 .7524 .8754 1.1423 .8 .2 .6972 .7169 .9725 1.0283 .8

.3 .6600 .7513 .8785 1.1383 .7 .3 .6984 .7157 .9759 1.0247 .7

.4 .6613 .7501 .8816 1.1343 .6 .4 .6997 .7145 .9793 1.0212 .6

.5 .6626 .7490 .8847 1.1303 .5 .5 .7009 .7133 .9827 1.0176 .5

.6 .6639 .7478 .8878 1.1263 .4 .6 .7022 .7120 .9861 1.0141 .4

.7 .6652 .7466 .8910 1.1224 .3 .7 .7034 .7108 .9896 1.0105 .3

.8 .6665 .7455 .8941 1.1184 .2 .8 .6794 .7337 .9260 1.0799 .2

.9 .6678 .7443 .8972 1.1145 .1 .9 .6807 .7325 .9293 1.0761 .1 42.0 0.6691 0.7431 0.9004 1.1106 48.0

.1 .6704 .7420 .9036 1.1067 .9

.2 .6717 .7408 .9067 1.1028 .8

.3 .6730 .7396 .9099 1.0990 .7

.4 .6743 .7385 .9131 1.0951 .6

.5 .6756 .7373 .9163 1.0913 .5

.6 .6769 .7361 .9195 1.0875 .4

.7 .6782 .7349 .9228 1.0837 .3

.8 .6794 .7337 .9260 1.0799 .2

.9 .6807 .7325 .9293 1.0761 .1 cos sin cot tan deg cos sin cot tan deg

Julian Date Calendar

Table 1-36 is a Julian date calendar. In leap years you should add one day after 28 February. Leap years occur every four years. The last leap year was 1992; therefore, the next few leap years will be 1996, 2000, and 2004.

1-120

Table 1-36.—Julian Date Calendar

Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Day

1 001 032 060 091 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335 1 2 002 033 061 092 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336 2 3 003 034 062 093 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337 3 4 004 035 063 094 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338 4 5 005 036 064 095 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 339 5 6 006 037 065 096 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 340 6 7 007 038 066 097 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 341 7 8 008 039 067 098 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 342 8 9 009 040 068 099 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343 9

10 010 041 069 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344 10 11 011 042 070 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 345 11 12 012 043 071 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 346 12 13 013 044 072 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 347 13 14 014 045 073 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 348 14 15 015 046 074 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 349 15 16 016 047 075 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 350 16 17 017 048 076 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 351 17 18 018 049 077 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 352 18 19 019 050 078 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 353 19 20 020 051 079 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 354 20 21 021 052 080 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 355 21 22 022 053 081 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 356 22 23 023 054 082 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 357 23 24 024 055 083 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 358 24 25 025 056 084 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 359 25 26 026 057 085 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 360 26 27 027 058 086 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 361 27 28 028 059 087 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362 28 29 029 * 088 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 363 29 30 030 089 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 364 30 31 031 090 151 212 243 304 365 31 * In leap year, after February 28, add 1 to the tabulated number.

Windchill Factor

The windchill factor is a computation of the still-air temperature that would have the same cooling effect on exposed human skin as a given combination of temperature and wind speed. You should use table 1-37 as a computation chart to figure windchill factor.

1-121

Table 1-37.—Windchill Factors

Effects of Heat and Humidity

Humidity combines with heat to create a more uncomfortable apparent temperature. By using table 1-38 you can figure the apparent temperature caused by various combinations of air temperature and humidity. Remember, in heat waves the apparent temperatures may run 15 to 30 degrees higher in more humid areas.

1-122

Table 1-38.—Effects of Heat and Humidity

When apparent temperatures are between 90 and 105 degrees, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke are possible after prolonged exposure and physical activity. These become likely when apparent temperatures are between 105 and 130 degrees. Over 130 degrees, heatstroke is imminent. You should note that heatstroke can be fatal if medical care is delayed.

GENERAL MAINTENANCE

The general maintenance section provides you with information on cleaning solvents, lubricants, corrosion control, use of the oscilloscope, troubleshooting, classes of overhaul, and types of equipment modifications. It also provides information such as material identification, names of organizations that provide outside technical assistance, and publications and documents that will assist you in day-to-day maintenance.

Corrosion Control (Cleaning and Lubricating)

A corrosive atmosphere can damage unprotected electric and electronic equipment. You should be aware of the harmful effects of moisture and, in particular, salt spray and salt-impregnated air. To prevent corrosion, you should maintain an effective cleaning and lubricating schedule. Standard preventive maintenance (PMS) procedures provide only minimum protection. Any schedule should include dusting and cleaning, lubrication of moving parts, and the use of approved solvents or wetting agents to remove any dust, dirt, oil film, salt, or other contaminant.

Table 1-39 is a list of standard Navy lubricants and solvents and their uses, as specified in Military Standard 454M (MIL-STD-454M).

1-123

Table 1-39.—Standard Navy Lubricants and Solvents

SPECIFICATION NUMBER AND TITLE

UNIT OF ISSUE

GENERAL USE

W-P-236 Petrolatum, Technical 1 lb. can 5 lb. can

For use as a light grade of lubricating grease but not recommended for use as a lubricant in heavily loaded or hot running bearings. It may be used as a constituent in certain types of rust preventive compounds.

P-D-680 Dry Cleaning Solvent 5 gal. pail For general cleaning of air filters, electronic equipment, and other general purpose cleanup.

MIL-G-23827 Grease, Aircraft and Instrument

1 oz. tube 4 oz. tube 8 oz. Tube 1 lb. can 5 lb. can 35 lb. pail

In ball, roller, needle bearings, gears and sliding and rolling surfaces of such equipment as instruments, cameras, electronic gear and aircraft control systems. Particularly suitable for equipment which must operate at both very low and very high temperatures for short periods. Does not contain extreme pressure or special antiwear additives. It is destructive to paint, natural rubber, and neoprene.

MIL-G-81322 Grease, Aircraft 5 lb. can 35 lb. pail

For lubrication and protection against corrosion of plain ball and roller bearings, and preservation of threads on ammunitions.

MIL-L-17331 Lubricating Oil Steam Turbine

5 gal. 55 gal.

In main turbines and gears, auxiliary turbine installation, certain hydraulic equipment general mechanical lubrication, and air compressors.

MIL-L-2105 Lubrication Oil Gear

5 gal. 1 gal. 55 gal.

For lubrication of automotive gear units, heavy duty industrial-type enclosed gear units, steering gears, and fluid-lubricated universal joints of automotive equipment.

MIL-L-6085 Lubricating Oil Instrument

1 1/2 oz. btl. 4 oz. can 1 qt.

For aircraft instruments, electronic equipment, or where a low evaporation oil is required for both high and low temperature application, and where oxidation and corrosion resistance are desirable. Destructive to paint, neoprene and rubber.

MIL-L-6086 Lubricating Oil Gear

1 gal. can 1 pt. can 1 gal. can 5 gal. drum

For use under extremely low temperature, mild extreme pressure-type oil with load carrying additive. General use in aircraft use in aircraft gear mechanisms, exclusive of engines.

MIL-L-17331 & MIL-L-17672 Lubricating Oil General Purpose

1 pt. 5 gal. 55 gal.

For all applications which require other than special lubricants, and which are subject to normal variation between ambient and operating temperature. Use in lieu of MIL-L-6085 when oil will be in contact with neoprene.

1-124

Table 1-40.—Old and New Specification Solvents

OLD MILITARY SPECIFICATION

NEW MILITARY SPECIFICATION

REFERENCE

14-P-1 VV-P-236 See Table 1-39 14-L-3 MIL-G-18709 See Table 1-39 14-G-10 MIL-G-16908 See Table 1-39 14-L-11 VV-G-632 See Table 1-39 14-O-12 VV-I-530 See Table 1-39 14-O-13 MIL-L-9000 See Table 1-39 14-O-15 MIL-L-17331 See Table 1-39 14-O-20 MIL-L-6085 See Table 1-39 AN-O-6a MIL-L-7870 See Table 1-39 KS 7470 MIL-L-17672 See Table 1-39 MIL-S-16067 P-D-680 See Table 1-39 VV-0-401 VV-I-530 See Table 1-39 P-S-661 P-D-680 See Table 1-39 MIL-G-3545 MIL-G-81322 See Table 1-39 MIL-G-3278 MIL-G-23827 See Table 1-39

Table 1-41.—Manufacturer's Designations

MANUFACTURER DESIGNATION MILITARY

SPECIFICATION UNIT OF ISSUE

Lubri-Plate No. 105 None 2 oz. Lubri-Plate No. 110 None 1 lb. Molykote "G" None 1 lb. Molykote M-77 None 1 lb. Stoddard Solvent P-D-680 140-F P-D-680 MOS, Lube-Power MIL-M-7866 10 oz. GE 10C VV-I-530 GE SS4005 MIL-S-8660 1 oz. Dow-Corning DC-4 MIL-S-8660 1 oz. McLube MOS2-210 (formerly MOS2-200) None As Requested McLube MOS2 - 1118 None As Requested Thermotex 000 None 1 lb.

1-125

Table 1-42.—Lubricants Used in Electronics Equipment But Not Listed In MIL-STD-454M

SPECIFICATION NUMBER AND TITLE

UNIT OF ISSUE

GENERAL USE

51-F-23 Hydraulic Fluid 5 gal. 55 gal.

Used in connection with the hydraulic transmission of power. For use with Synthetic Seal.

ASTM D-3699 Kerosene 5 gal. General uses such as a cleaner for machinery or tools.

MIL-L-7870 Lubrication Oil General Purpose

4 oz. 1 qt.

1 gal.

Specially designed for use where an oil of low evaporation, possessing rust-protective properties, is desired.

VV-G-632 General Purpose Grease 35 lb. 100 lb.

Automotive chassis, suitable for lubrication of machinery equipped with pressure grease fitting.

MIL-G-81322.Grease Aircraft 1 lb. 8 oz.

Used in antifriction bearings operating at high speeds and high temperatures.

MIL-C-11090 Cleaning Compound 5 gal. 55 gal.

Used as a solvent for cleaning grease and oils.

MIL-L-17672 Lubrication Oil General Purpose

1 gal. 55 gal.

Used in steam turbines, hydraulic systems, water generators and hydraulic turbine governors.

VV-L-751 Lubrication oil 35 lb. Cold weather. Warm weather. Hot weather. Used for lubricating chain, wire rope, exposed gears.

Table 1-43 contains a list of common cleaning and preservation materials that were compiled from Naval Air Technical Manual 16-1-540, Avionic Cleaning and Corrosion Prevention Control.

Table 1-43.—Cleaning Materials

Non-abrasive cleaning & polishing pad Isopropyl alcohol TT-I-735 General purpose lubricating oil VV-L-800 Instrument grease MIL-G-8137 General purpose grease MIL-G-81322 Zip-lock plastic bags Distilled water Paint brush Toothbrush Pipe cleaners Q tips Face shield Goggles Rubber gloves Magnifying glass Vacuum cleaner Hot air gun Inspection mirror Rubber bucket Plastic spray bottle

1-126

Remember to use the proper safety precautions applicable to toxic, volatile solvents and flammable lubricants. You can refer to Naval Ships' Technical Manual (NSTM), Chapter 670, Stowage, Handling, and Disposal of Hazardous General Use Consumables, NAVSEA S9086-WK-STM-000.

Using the Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope can be used for more than just studying the shape of a waveform. By looking at lissajous patterns and using an octopus, you can compare the phase and frequency relationship of two signals and check electronic components in a circuit.

LISSAJOUS PATTERNS.—The simplest lissajous patterns are produced by two sine waves of the same frequency and amplitude being applied to the horizontal and vertical deflection voltage inputs of an oscilloscope. Figure 1-37 shows patterns for several common phase relationships. These can be used to estimate the approximate phase angle of the two signals being studied.

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Figure 1-37.—Lissajous patterns, showing the effects of phase relationships.

Figure 1-38 will aid you in computing a phase angle if a more precise calculation is needed. We will

use the graticule on the oscilloscope, a ratio formula, and sine (sin) table to compute the angle.

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Figure 1-38.—Computation of phase angle.

To find the angle, we should first divide Y1 by Y2. We can then take that number, look it up in the

sine portion of table 1-35, and read the angle.

For example, let's let each graticule in figure 1-36 represent 1 centimeter. Then,

If we look for .5 in the sine column of table 1-35, we find that .5 is the value for the sine of 30 degrees.

The frequency ratio between two sine waves can also be determined from lissajous patterns. Figure 1-39 shows various frequency ratios between signals. Figure 1-40 and 1-41, views A, show how phase relationship can affect these patterns. If tangent lines are drawn across the top and down the side of the pattern, the ratio of points (free ends and loops) that touch these lines equals the frequency ratio. Figure 1- 41 is an example of this method. Refer back to figure 1-39 and notice the relationship of loops and open ends in each example. You can find more detailed information on lissajous patterns in the Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), Test Methods and Practices, NAVSEA 0976-LP-000-0130.

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Figure 1-39.—Lissajous patterns of different frequency ratios.

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Figure 1-40.—Lissajous patterns for various phase relationships.

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Figure 1-41—3:1 Lissajous patterns and calculation of frequency ratio.

THE OCTOPUS.—The octopus is a small, homemade test set used with an oscilloscope to check

electronic components in circuit. It can be made easily and cheaply using parts from the supply system. Figure 1-42 is a schematic of an octopus that uses either a 6.3-volt filament transformer or an audio oscillator for input power. The benefits of in circuit troubleshooting with an octopus are (1) reduced maintenance time, (2) less chance of damage from soldering-iron heat, and (3) a visual display of the component's condition.

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Figure 1-42.—Octopus schematic diagram (typical).

The octopus tests all components for shorts, high resistance, and opens; it checks front-to-back ratios on junction components (transistors and diodes); and it analyzes ICs and reactive components (capacitors and inductors). Figure 1-43 shows some typical oscilloscope displays obtained when the octopus is used. Figures 1-44, 1-45, and 1-46 depict transistor, potentiometer, and combination component displays, respectively. Detailed operating procedures can be found in topic 6 of NEETS, Module 16, Introduction to Test Equipment, and in the Electronic Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), Test Methods and Practices, NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-130.

Figure 1-43.—Typical oscilloscope displays for an octopus.

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Figure 1-44.—Transistor check, single junction.

Figure 1-45.—Potentiometer noise check.

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Figure 1-46.—Combination displays.

Six-Step Troubleshooting Procedure

You may have the job of maintaining or helping to maintain some electrical or electronic unit, subsystem, or system. Some of these jobs may be complex, but even a complex job can be broken down into simple steps. Basically, any repair of electric or electronic equipment should be done in the following order:

1. Symptom recognition. This is the action of recognizing some disorder or malfunction in electronic equipment.

2. Symptom elaboration. Obtaining a more detailed description of the trouble symptom is the purpose of this step.

3. Listing probable faulty functions. This step is applicable to equipment that contains more than one functional area or unit. From the information you have gathered, where could the trouble logically be located?

4. Localizing the faulty function. In this step you determine which of the functional units of the multiunit equipment is actually at fault.

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5. Localizing trouble to the circuit. You will do extensive testing in this step to isolate the trouble to a specific circuit.

6. Failure analysis. This step is multipart. Here you determine which part is faulty, repair/replace the part, determine what caused the failure, return the equipment to its proper operating status, and record the necessary information in a recordkeeping book for other maintenance personnel in the future. While not a part of this step, the technician should reorder any parts used in repair of the faulty equipment.

Sometimes you may run into difficulty in finding (or troubleshooting) the problem. Some hints that may help in your efforts are:

• Observe the equipment's operation for any and all faults • Check for any defective components with your eyes and nose • Analyze the cause of the failure for a possible underlying problem

Classes of Overhaul Work

There are five classes of equipment overhaul (A, B, C, D, and E). The class defines the type and scope of work to be done on each equipment by the overhauling activity. (Do not confuse equipment overhaul with the term regular overhaul.)

CLASS A OVERHAUL.—A class A overhaul includes overhaul, repair, and/or modification; for example a modification could be an Ordnance Alteration (ORDALT), Special Program Alteration (SPALT), Ship Alteration (SHIPALT), or a field change that will sustain or improve the performance of a system or component to meet its most-recent design and technical specifications. The end product should be like new in appearance and operation.

CLASS B OVERHAUL.—A class B overhaul includes overhaul and repair that will restore the performance of a system or component to its original design and technical specifications. Modifications or alterations are not done unless specified by the customer.

CLASS C OVERHAUL.—A class C overhaul includes only repair work on a system or component specified by a work request or work required to correct malfunctions specified by the customer.

CLASS D OVERHAUL.—A class D overhaul includes work related to the open, inspect and report type of work request. It is intended to be diagnostic in nature and may require various tests. It is normally associated with preoverhaul test and inspection (POT& I).

CLASS E OVERHAUL.—A class E overhaul includes work required to incorporate all alterations and/or modifications specified for a system or component.

Alterations and Modifications to Equipment

Alterations and modifications to shipboard systems and equipment may take several forms. Some of these are Ship Alterations (SHIPALTS), Ordnance Alterations (ORDALTS), Special Program Alterations (SPALTS), and Air Alterations (AIRALTS). These alterations (with the exception of electronic equipment field changes) are categorized as follows:

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• A military alteration that changes or improves the operational or military characteristics of a ship.

• A technical alteration that generally concerns personnel safety and equipment effectiveness.

• An alteration-equivalent-to-repair (AER) could be one of three types. One involves substitution, without change in design, of approved, different material, available from standard stock. The second involves replacement of worn or damaged parts, assemblies, or equipment with those of later and more efficient design that have been approved by the responsible systems command. The last type is used for strengthening of parts that need repair or replacement to improve the reliability of the parts, provided no other change in design is involved.

ALTERATION RESPONSIBILITIES.—Ship alterations (SHIPALTS) involve material under the

technical control of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). Alterations which affect shipboard systems and equipment under the technical control of other systems commands; for example, air alterations (AIRALTS), ordnance alterations (ORDALTS), and special program alterations (SPALTS), are not SHIPALTS. However, they may require concurrent SHIPALTS if changes affect shipboard system interface.

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FIELD CHANGES.—Field changes are identified by type and class. The type depends on the material included in the change kit or furnished by the installing activity. The class refers to the funding and the installation responsibility.

Details concerning various types of and approval authority for alterations can be found in the Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), General, NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-100.

Material Identification

At some time in your work, you will probably have to replace a defective part or component. If you are familiar with national stock numbers (NSNs), Navy item control numbers (NICNs), part numbers (PNs), and the Coordinated Shipboard Allowance List (COSAL), getting the replacement should be a simple chore.

NATIONAL STOCK NUMBERS (NSNs).—An NSN is a 13-digit stock number used to identify an item of material in the Federal Catalog System of the Department of Defense. It consists of a four-digit federal supply classification (FSC) and a nine-digit national item identification number (NIIN). The first two digits of the FSC denote the group or major division of materials and the last two digits denote the class of subdivision of material within a group.

Examples of groups are:

GROUP TITLE

31 Bearings 48 Valves 59 Electrical and Electronic Systems Components 79 Cleaning supplies

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A complete listing of groups is provided in NAVSUP P-485, Afloat Supply Procedures. The NIIN consists of a two-digit national codification bureau (NCB) code and seven digits which, in conjunction with the NCB code, uniquely identify each NSN item in the Federal Supply System. For example:

Two NCB codes are assigned for the United States, 00 and 01. Code 00 identifies all FSNs (11-digit federal stock numbers used prior to NSNs) assigned prior to 31 March 1975. Code 01 identifies the numbers assigned after that time. The NCBs must be included and be correct, or the material may be rejected or you may receive the wrong material.

NAVY ITEM CONTROL NUMBERS (NICNs).—Material not included in the Federal Catalog System, but stocked or monitored in the Navy Supply System, are listed by 13-character Navy item control numbers (NICNs). These NICNs are readily identified by a two-position alpha code which signifies the type of NICN. This code and a seven-position alphanumeric uniquely identify each NICN item in the Navy Supply System. NICN codes that are currently used and examples of NICNs follow: NICN CODE APPLICATION EXAMPLE

LE Poseidon items common to Trident 1220-LE-F00-4016 LF Stock numbers for forms 1018-LF-504-2201 LK Aircraft change kit numbers 1234-LK-UA1-2345 LP Stock numbers for publications 0530-LP-485-0000 LS Special programs alteration kit numbers 1234-LS-123-4567 LX ASO local control numbers 1560-LX-NPI-2345 LL Local control numbers (Temporary) 4820-LL-000-1234 Local control numbers (Permanent) 7520-LL-CAO-0001

Note: The permanent local control number can always be recognized by a C in the seventh position.

Parts can be ordered by using a NIIN or NICN.

PART NUMBERS (PNs).—A part number (also known as reference number) may be used to identify a material item or to assist you in finding the current NSN. Part numbers include old NSNs, FSNs, electron tube type numbers, and electronic equipment circuit symbol numbers. Two other important sources for reference numbers are manufacturers' part numbers and Navy drawing and piece

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numbers. They can be easily converted to NSNs by using the Master Cross-Reference List (MCRL). Table 1-44 shows excerpts from the MCRL. If the part or reference numbers do not cross to an NSN, the P/N can be used to order the replacement. A good source of part numbers is the parts list in the equipment technical manual.

Table 1-44.—Excerpts from Master Cross-Reference List (MCRL)

COORDINATED SHIPBOARD ALLOWANCE LIST (COSAL).—The COSAL can help you to identify repair or replacement parts. Part IIB of the COSAL is a cross-reference (microfiche only) from circuit symbol number to PN/NIIN/NICN. These parts are normally carried onboard ship for ready issue.

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Outside Assistance

Your command may from time to time request assistance from another activity. This outside assistance is usually for the purpose of training, technical assistance on unusual design, planning, installation, or solving maintenance problems. Many of these activities exist throughout the fleet and shore establishments. Their capabilities and areas of responsibility differ just as equipment and systems differ. Several of the more widely known activities are included below.

MOBILE TECHNICAL UNITS (MOTU).—MOTUs provide on-the-job training and technical assistance for shipboard NAVSEA-SYSCOM/NAVELEXSYSCOM systems and equipment. They are staffed by senior military personnel and Contractor Engineering and Technical Services (CETS) representatives. MOTU’s and NAUSEA combined about 10 years ago to form FTSCLANT/PAC.

MOTUs are located in the following areas:

FTSCLANT/PAC Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Norfolk, Va. Groton, Conn. San Diego, Calif. Naples, Italy Yokosuka, Japan Mayport, Fla. NSB Kings Bay, Ga. Seattle, Wash.

NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND (NAVSEA).— NAVSEA provides technical assistance

through the use of direct fleet support technicians (TECHREP). These technicians are not to be used primarily as repairmen. The objective of their services is to promote fleet readiness and maintenance self- sufficiency. NAVSEATECHREP are located at Naval Sea Support Centers (NAVSEACENs) in Portsmouth, Va., and San Diego, Calif. They are also located at Fleet Support Offices (FSOs) in Mayport, Fla., Charleston, S.C., and New London, Conn. Selected equipment may have services provided by NAVSES, Philadelphia, or NAVSHIPWPNSYSENGSTA (NSWSES), Port Hueneme, Calif.

NAVAL ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS COMMAND (NAVELEX).— NAVELEX equipment is supported by the Fleet Liaison Program. Training and technical assistance is provided by civilian technicians at six NAVELEX field activities. Five are Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Centers (NESECs) and one is a Naval Electronic Systems Engineering Activity (NESEA). Fleet Liaison Offices are located at NESEC Washington, D.C., NESEC Charleston, S.C., NESEC Portsmouth, Va., NESEC San Diego, Calif., NESEC Vallejo, Calif., and NESEA St. Inigoes, Md.

NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND (NAVAIR).— NAVAIR established the Navy Engineering and Technical Services (NETS) program to provide a source of technical and training assistance expertise. The program is comprised of military and civilian personnel. These people are qualified to provide advice, instruction, and training to support the installation, operation, and maintenance of Navy weapons, weapon-systems, and equipment. NETS technicians are assigned and administered by the Pacific Missile Test Center, Point Mugu, Calif., and the Naval Aviation Engineering Service Unit (NAESU), Philadelphia, Pa.

The Pacific Missile Test Center provides engineering and technical services on air-launched missile systems, air-launched guided weapons, Navy target systems, conventional ordnance, and associated

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support equipment. All aircraft equipment and systems not specified above are the responsibility of the Naval Aviation Engineering Service Unit (NAESU).

NAVAL AVIATION ENGINEERING SERVICE UNIT (NAESU).— NAESU provides field engineering assistance and instruction in installation, repair, and operation of all types of aviation systems and equipment to naval aviation fleet and shore activities throughout the world. This is accomplished by detachments (NAESU DETs) at the following locations:

Atlanta, Ga. Miramar, Calif. Atsugi, Japan Misawa, Japan Barbers Point, Hawaii Moffett Field, Calif. Beaufort, S.C. Naples, Italy Bermuda New Orleans, La. Brunswick, Maine New River, N.C. Cecil Field, Fla. Norfolk, Va Cherry Point, N.C. Oceana, Va. China Lake, Calif. Okinawa, Japan Corpus Christi, Tex. Patuxent River, Md. Cubi Point, Philippines Pensacola, Fla. Dallas, Tex. Point Mugu, Calif. Detroit, Mich. Rota, Spain El Toro, Calif. San Diego, Calif. Glenview, Ill. Sigonella, Sicily Agana, Guam South Weymouth, Mass. Iwakuni, Japan Washington, D.C. Jacksonville, Fla. Whidbey Island, Wash. Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii Willow Grove, Pa. Key West, Fla. Yuma, Ariz. Lemoore, Calif Memphis, Tenn

CARRIER AND FIELD SERVICE UNITS (CAFSUs).— CAFSUs furnish technical guidance

and assistance to shipyards, ship repair facilities, and shore and fleet personnel concerning the installation, operation, maintenance, and testing of shipboard NAVAIR equipment. This equipment includes catapults, arresting gear, visual landing aids, flight deck lighting, pilot landing aid television (PLAT) systems, Fresnel-lens optical landing systems (FLOLS), and integrated launch and recovery television surveillance (ILARTS) systems.

CAFSUs are under the administrative control of the Naval Air Engineering Center (NAEC), Lakehurst, N.J., and are located at the following activities: NAS Norfolk, Va. SRF Subic Bay, Philippines NAVSTA Mayport, Fla. NAEC Philadelphia, Pa. NAF Naples, Italy SRF Yokosuka, Japan NAS North Island, Calif. NAS Alemeda, Calif.

INTERMEDIATE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES (IMAs).—Afloat IMAs (tenders and repair ships) and shore IMAs (SIMAs) provide maintenance support for repairs beyond the capabilities of ship's force. IMAs also have facilities for test equipment calibration and emergency parts manufacture. Electrical, electronic, and ordnance repair divisions provide repairs on various equipment including gyrocompasses, navigational equipment, film projectors, internal communications, sonar, radar, IFF,

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radio receivers and transmitters, test antennas, guns and small arms, torpedoes, fire control, and missile systems. Table 1-45 lists the various IMAs and their locations.

Table 1-45.—Intermediate Maintenance Activities

A. DESTROYER TENDER (AD) SIERRA AD 18 CHARLESTON YOSEMITE AD 19 MAYPORT SAMUEL GOMPERS AD 37 SAN DIEGO PUGET SOUND AD 38 GAETA YELLOWSTONE AD 41 NORFOLK ACADIA AD 42 SAN DIEGO CAPE COD AD 43 SAN DIEGO SHENANDOAH AD 44 NORFOLK B. REPAIR SHIP (AR)

VULCAN AR 5 NORFOLK JASON AR 8 PEARL HARBOR C. SUBMARINE TENDER (AS)

FULTON AS 11 QUINCY ORION AS 18 LA MADDALENA PROTEUS AS 19 GUAM HUNLEY AS 31 HOLY LOCH HOLLAND AS 32 CHARLESTON SIMON LAKE AS 33 KINGS BAY CANOPUS AS 34 CHARLESTON L Y SOEAR AS 36 NORFOLK DIXON AS 37 SAN DIEGO EMORY S LAND AS 39 NORFOLK FRANK CABLE AS 40 CHARLESTON MCKEE AS 41 SAN DIEGO D. SHORE INTERMEDIATE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY

SIMA CHARLESTON CHARLESTON SIMA GUANTANAMO BAY GUANTANAMO SIMA LITTLE CREEK LITTLE CREEK SIMA (NRMF) NEWPORT NEWPORT R.I. SIMA MAYPORT MAYPORT SIMA NORFOLK NORFOLK SIMA PORTSMOUTH VA PORTSMOUTH VA SIMA (NRMF) PHILADELPHIA NB PHILA SIMA SAN DIEGO SAN DIEGO SIMA PEARL HARBOR PEARL HARBOR SIMA SAN FRANCISCO ALAMEDA SIMA LONG BEACH LONG BEACH

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Publications and Documents

Various publications, some of which are discussed below, are available for guidance in maintenance work or for reference and study. In general, these publications are available from the Naval Publications and Forms Center through the supply system.

NAVAL SHIPS' TECHNICAL MANUAL (NSTM).—The Naval Ships' Technical Manual (NSTM) is a prime reference for information on NAVSEA equipment. Chapter 400, Electronics, is most useful as it provides major policies and instructions pertaining to electronics work and material under NAVSEA and NAVELEX responsibility. Other chapters of interest to electrical and electronics technicians are: 300 Electrical Plant General 302 Electric Motors and Controllers 310 Electric Power Generators and Conversion Equipment 320 Electric Power Distribution Systems 330 Lighting 430 Interior Communication Installations 434 Motion Picture Equipment 491 Electrical Measuring and Test Instruments 510 Ventilating, Heating, Cooling, and Air-Conditioning Systems for Surface Ships 532 Liquid-Cooling Systems for Electronic Equipment 9006 Submarine Antennas and Masts 634 Deck Coverings

ELECTRONICS INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE BOOK (EIMB).—The Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book series supplements instructions and data supplied in equipment technical manuals. The EIMB is intended to reduce time-consuming research on electronic equipment and circuit theory. These handbooks fall into two categories: general information and equipment-oriented handbooks. The latter includes general test procedures, adjustments, and general servicing information. All handbooks of the series are listed below. TITLE NUMBERS

GENERAL

General SE000-00-ElM-100 Installation Standards 0967-LP-000-0110 Electronic Circuits 0967-000-0120 Test Methods & Practices 0967-LP-000-0130 Reference Data 0967-000-0140 EMI Reduction 0967-000-0150 General Maintenance SE000-00-EIM-160

EQUIPMENT-ORIENTED

Communications SE000-00-EIM-010 Radar SE000-00-EIM-020 Sonar SE000-00-EIM-030 Test Equipment SE000-00-EIM-040 Radiac 0967-000-0050 Countermeasures SE000-00-EIM-07

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ENGINEERING INFORMATION BULLETIN (EIB).—The Engineering Information Bulletin is published biweekly and distributed to all naval ships and electronics installation and maintenance activities. It is authoritative and is a means of rapid dissemination of advanced hull, mechanical, electronic, electrical, and related equipment information. It includes information concerning approved beneficial suggestions, electronics field changes, mechanical alterations (MECHALTS), installation techniques, maintenance notes and practices, and technical manual availabilities, advance change notices, and distribution.

EQUIPMENT TECHNICAL MANUALS.—Technical manuals carry information essential to the proper operation, maintenance, and repair of specific equipment. These manuals may occasionally contain errors. In those cases, change notices are provided to correct the manuals. Updates because of equipment changes are also provided. These changes must be installed in the technical manuals to maintain accuracy and to prevent the loss of man-hours resulting from the use of obsolete data and/or schematics. The Guide for User Maintenance of NAVSEA Technical Manuals, NAVSEA S005-AA-GYD-030/TMMP, provides information on identifying, ordering, deficiency reporting, and updating technical manuals.

NAVSUP PUBLICATION 2002.—NAVSUP 2002 is the Navy Stock List of Publication and Forms and provides NSNs for ordering Navy publications and their changes. Each edition is issued quarterly and supersedes the previous one in its entirety. It is produced in microfiche only and contains three sections:

Section 1—Forms

Section 2—Publications

Section 3—NAVAIR Technical Directives

DECKPLATE.—The deckplate is a technical periodical published monthly by NAVSEA. It contains information on design, construction, conversion, operation, maintenance, and repair of Navy vessels and their equipment. It also includes articles on personnel safety, service hints, and adopted beneficial suggestions.

NAVAL SAFETY CENTER PUBLICATIONS.—The Naval Safety Center publishes bulletins and several periodicals to keep Navy personnel informed on the subject of accident prevention.

• Ship Safety Bulletin—This monthly newsletter contains safety notes and accident data.

• Fathom—This quarterly magazine contains a review of surface ship and submarine accident prevention and safety articles.

• Approach—This magazine is a monthly review of articles concerning aviation safety and accident prevention.

• MECH—MECH is a bimonthly review of aviation maintenance related mishaps, material/personnel hazards, and general aviation ground safety.

TRAINING MANUALS (TRAMANS).—Training manuals are designed to give enlisted personnel background knowledge for the proper performance of their assigned jobs. Electrical and electronic theory and operation and maintenance information on pertinent equipment are presented at different rating levels in the TRAMANs written for the technical rates.

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REFERENCES

Afloat Shopping Guide, NAVSUP Publication 4400, Naval Supply Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1991.

Afloat Supply Procedures, NAVSUP Publication 485, 0530-LP-185-7600, Naval Supply Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1989.

Avionic Cleaning and Corrosion Prevention/Control, NAVAIR 16-1-540, Naval Air Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1984.

Basic Military Requirements, NAVEDTRA 10054-F, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1986.

Cable Comparison Handbook, Military Standard MIL-STD 299, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1989.

Capacitors, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-STD-198E, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1984.

Circuit Breakers, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-STD-1498B, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1988.

Design Data Book, USN Ships NAVSEA 0902-LP-006-0000, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1988.

Electrical Connectors, Plug-in Sockets, and Associated Hardware, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-STD-1353B, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1980.

Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), General, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-100, 1983.

Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), Test Methods and Practices, NAVSEA 0967-LP- 000-0130, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1980.

Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), Reference Data, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., NAVSHIPS 0967-000-0140, 1972.

Electronics Installation and Maintenance Book (EIMB), General Maintenance, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., NAVSEA SE000-00-EIM-160, 1981.

Fiber Optic Symbols, Military Standard MIL-STD-1864, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1991.

Fuses, Fuseholders, and Associated Hardware, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-STD-1360A, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1979.

Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, Federal Standard 1037A, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C., 1986.

I C Electrician 3, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., NAVEDTRA 10059-A, 1989.

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Installation Practices-Aircraft Electric and Electronic Wiring, NAVAIR 01-1A-505, Naval Air Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1988.

Installation Standards and Practices, NAVELEX 0280-LP-900-8000, 1977.

Insulation Sleeving, Electrical, Heat-Shrinkable, Polyolefin, Dual-Wall, Outer Wall Crosslinked, Military Specification MIL-I-23053/4C, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1988.

Insulation Sleeving, Electrical, Heat-Shrinkable, Polyolefin, Flexible, Crosslinked, Military Specification MIL-I-23053/5B, Washington, D.C., 1986.

Linear Integrated Circuits Study Booklet, Module 34, CNTT-E-056, 1981.

List of Standard Microcircuits, Military Standard MIL-STD-1562V, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1991.

Microcircuits, General Specification for, Military Specification MIL-M-38510H, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1990.

Naval Oceanography Command Instruction 3144.1C, 1983.

Naval Ships' Technical Manual (NSTM), Stowage, Handling, and Disposal of Hazardous General Use Consumables, Chapter 670, NAVSEA S9086-WK-STM-010, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1987.

NEETS, Module 1, Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current, NAVEDTRA 172-01-00-88, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1988.

NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers, NAVEDTRA 172-02-00-91, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1991.

NEETS, Module 3, Introduction to Circuit Protection, Control, and Measurement, NAVEDTRA 172-03- 00-85, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Fla., 1995.

NEETS, Module 4, Introduction to Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques, and Schematic Reading, NAVEDTRA 172-04-00-85, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1985.

NEETS, Module 5, Introduction to Generators and Motors, NAVEDTRA 172-05-00-79, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1979.

NEETS, Module 6, Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies, NAVEDTRA 172-06- 00-82, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1982.

NEETS, Module 7, Introduction to Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies, NAVEDTRA 172-07-00-82, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1982.

NEETS, Module 8, Introduction to Amplifiers, NAVEDTRA 172-08-00-82, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1982.

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NEETS, Module 9, Introduction to Wave Generation and Wave-Shaping Circuits, NAVEDTRA 172-09- 00-83, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1983.

NEETS, Module 13, Introduction to Number Systems, Boolean Algebra, and Logic Circuits, NAVEDTRA 172-13-00-86, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1986.

NEETS, Module 18, Radar Principles, NAVEDTRA 172-18-00-84, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1984.

Resistors, Selection and Use of, Military Standard MIL-STD-199E, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1991.

Rf Transmission Lines and Fittings, MIL-HDBK-216, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1962.

Shipboard Electronic Material Officer, NAVEDTRA 10478-A1, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, Pensacola, Fla., 1982.

Standard General Requirements for Electronics Equipment, Military Standard MIL-STD-454M, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1989.